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09/29/2023
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Lung bud’s {{c1::endoderm core}} develops to the {{c2::epithelial and glandular structures of trachea and lungs}}; {{c1::visceral …
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the {{c1::larynx}} forms from between the {{c2::4th and 6th pharyngeal arches.}} {{c1::endoderm}} --> {{c2::laryngeal epithelium and glands}}{{c1::…
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{{c1::Superficial}} and {{c1::deep}} lymphatic plexuses both drain to {{c2::tracheobronchial lymph nodes}}. Travel back medially a…
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{{c1::Lungs}} and {{c2::visceral pleura}} innervated by {{c3::pulmonary plexuses}} Parasym, symp, and visceral afferent nerves.
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Parasymp. innervation: {{c1::presynaptic}} fibers from the {{c1::vagus}} nerve. Synapse on ganglia in {{c2::pul plexus}} …
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Sympathetic innervation: fibers are {{c1::postsynaptic}}
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Visceral fibers are {{c1::reflective (travel with parasymp fibers)}} or {{c1::nociceptive (travel with symp fibers)}}
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{{c1::Parietal pleura}} innervated by derivatives of {{c2::intercostal and phrenic nerves}}
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{{c1::Costal}} pleura and {{c1::peripheral diaphragmatic}} pleura innervated by {{c2::intercostal nerves}}
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{{c1::Central diaphragmatic}} pleura and {{c1::mediastinal}} pleura innervated by {{c2::phrenic nerves}}
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the {{c2::respiratory center}} consists of the {{c1::DRG and VRG}} in the {{c2::medulla oblongata}} and the {{c1::p…
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the {{c2::DRG}} {{c1::initiates respiration + keeps PaO2, PaCO2, and pH in normal range}} by {{c1::adjusting frequency of respiration}}
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{{c3::Increased PaCO2}} → {{c1::DRG}} triggers {{c2::diaphragm contraction (phrenic nerve)}} and {{c2::external intercos…
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the {{c1::Apnesutic center}} is activated under {{c2::higher O2 demands}}; stimulates {{c2::DRG to prolong phrenic nerve action potenti…
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{{c1::Apneustic hyperstimulation}} countered by {{c2::pneumotaxic center}} to {{c3::limit action potentials in phrenic nerve to li…
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the {{c1::VRG}} activated for {{c2::forced inspiration}}- inhibits {{c2::apneustic center to shorten inspiration}}
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{{c1::B2 adrenergic (symp)}} and {{c1::muscarinic (parasymp)}} receptors along {{c2::trachea and first few branches of bronchioles.}}
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{{c1::Trachea and first 3 sets of bronchi}} are fairly wide, use {{c2::cartilage rings}} for support.
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histological differences betwen trachea and bronchi:
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histological similarities betwen trachea and bronchi:
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in the {{c1::embryonic}} stage of lung development, the lung bud develops into the {{c2::trachea and bronchi (up to the tertiary/segmental bronchi)}}.…
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during the {{c1::pseudoglandular stage}} of lung development, {{c2::terminal bronchials are developed from the endodermal tubes}}. this occurs at week…
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during the {{c1::canalicular stage}} of lung development, {{c2::terminal bronchioles divide/develop respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts; pneumo…
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during the {{c1::saccular stage}} of embryonic development, {{c2::alveolar ducts develop terminal sacs, and sacs become separated by 1' septae; surfac…
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during the {{c1::alveolar stage}} of lung development, t{{c2::erminal sacs develop to adult alveoli with 2' septation}}. stage occurs from {{c1::birth…
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{{c1::Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)}} occurs when a {{c2::diaphramatic defect allows abdominal organs to migrate into the chest}}
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{{c1::pulmonary hypoplasia}}: {{c2::underdevelopment of the lungs.}} can be caused by {{c1::CDH, oligohydramnios, or thoracic abnormalities. }}
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{{c2::Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) or Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM):}} most common pulmonary congenital defect. …
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{{c1::pulmonary sequestration:}} {{c2::some lung tissue is not connected to the airway system and does not function correctly}}. usually has anomalous…
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{{c1::bronchogenic cysts:}} {{c2::cysts arising from embryonic foregut, causing compression of surrounding structures. }}
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{{c1::tracheal atresia}}: {{c2::trachea fails to develop. }}
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{{c1::tracheoesophageal fistula:}} {{c2::abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea}}
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{{c1::lobar emphysema/ congenital lobar overinflation:}} {{c2::1+ lung lobes are overinflated, --> adjacent tissue compressed}}
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{{c2::bronchial atresia:}} {{c1::part of the bronchial tree is abnormally closed/absent}}
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roles of the lungs
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muscles of inspiration
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muscles of active expiration
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the {{c1::conducting zone}} moves air to the terminal bronchioles and is the main site of {{c2::airway resitance}}, with the highest found in {{c2::me…
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tumors at the {{c1::carina}} {{c2::inhibit bronchial artery flow and prevent nutrient delivery to the lung}}
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the pulmonary vascular system is {{c1::highly compliant + low pressure;}} systemic has {{c1::greater resistance + less compliance}}
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the {{c1::superficial}} l{{c2::ympatics drain along the pleural surface}}
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the {{c1::deep/intrapulmonary}} lymphatics drain {{c2::along bronchovascular bundle and along the interlobular septa}}
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{{c1::chylous pleural effusions}} can develop if the thoracic duct is damaged.
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trajectory of lymphatic duct drainage
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at FRC in healthy patient, equal and opposite forced from chest wall and lung: the lung's tendency to {{c1::collapse inward}} is balanced by the thora…
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{{c1::compliance}}: measure of distensibility- extent of volume change as a result of pressure change. inverse of {{c1::elastance}}
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pulmonary compliance is determined by {{c1::lung compliance and chest wall compliance }}
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lung compliance is established by {{c1::elastic recoil}} and {{c1::surface tension}}
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bacterial causes of pneumonia + usual source
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viral causes of pneumonia
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fungal causes of pneumonia + location most commonly found
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{{c1::acute pneumonia}} types are {{c2::broncial}} and {{c2::lobar}} pneumonia
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the {{c1::inflamatory stages}} of lobar pneumonia are {{c2::congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, and resolution}}
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complications of pneumonia
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{{c1::granulomatous pneumonias}} are a form of chronic pneumonia, and are often caused by {{c2::histoplasma and TB}}.
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{{c1::localized/walled off granulomatus pneumonia}} is more commonly associated with {{c2::histoplasma}}, while {{c1::disseminated granulomatous pneum…
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key features of small cell carcinoma
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key features of adenocarcinoma
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key features of squamous cell carcinoma
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key features of large cell carcinoma
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lung cancerns are mainly formed by {{c1::epithelial cells, aka carcinomas}}. types are:
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common sites of lung cancer metastisis
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{{c1::small cell carcinoma}} arises from {{c2::immature neuroendocrine cells}}, and is strongly associated with {{c2::smoking}}. usually located {{c2:…
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{{c1::adenocarcinoma}} is a type of {{c2::non-small cell carcinoma}} that typically develops {{c2::peripherally}}, has a {{c2::glandular appearance, a…
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what are these examples of?
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{{c1::squamous cell carcinoma}} is a kind of {{c2::non-small cell carcinoma}} that arises from {{c2::squamous cells}}, develops {{c2::centrally}}, and…
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{{c1::carcinoid tumors}} are a type of {{c2::non-small cell lung carcinoma}} that arise from {{c2::mature neuroendocrine cells}} and often are distrib…
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{{c1::large cell carcinoma}} are a type of {{c2::non-small cell lung carcinoma}} that {{c2::lack glandular and squamous differentiation}} and are dist…
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signs/symptoms of lung carcinoma
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{{c1::bactrim}} ({{c2::sulfomethoxazole + trimethoprim}}) is an {{c2::antimetabolite combo}} drug that does what?
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bactrim is used for
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main types of bacterial wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics
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augmentin
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zosyn
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what are some gram positive bacteria
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what are some gram negative bacteria
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{{c1::Cephalosporins}} exhibit {{c2::greater resistance to B-lactamsases than penicillins, less hypersensitivity, more gram- coverage}}.&nbs…
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bacterial {{c1::DNA synthesis inhibitors}} ({{c2::quinolones/fluoroquinolones}}) {{c1::inhibit bacterial replication}}. examples: {{c2::ciprofloxacin …
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{{c1::RNA synthesis inhibitors}}: {{c2::inhibit bact RNA polymerase}}. example: {{c1::rifampin/rifamycin}}
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{{c1::Protein synthesis inhibitors.}} Inhibit at different stages of bacterial protein synthesis. examples:
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{{c1::Cell membrane disruptors}}: example {{c2::isoniazid}}- inhibits {{c1::mycolic acid synthesis found in TB bacteria cell wall}}
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{{c1::bacterostatic drugs}}- {{c2::stop bact growth, allow for clearance by immune system}}. examples:
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{{c1::bactericidal drugs}}- {{c2::kill the bugs}}. used for {{c2::immunocompromised/immunosuppressed patients as 1st line}}. examples:
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