Notes in PDx II

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Published	04/17/2023	When doing MSK phys exam, what's the order of things you do?{{c1:: Inspect, then palpate, ROM, then check muscle strength}}
Published	04/17/2023	What's the diff between active and passive ROM? Which one is greater?{{c1::Active = done by pt. Passive = done by physician.}}{{c1:: passive > acti…
Published	04/17/2023	What's the scale for the muscle grading chart?{{c1:: 0-5, with 0 = no contractility and 5 = complete contractility.}}
Published	04/17/2023	Radiculopathy is a disease of the {{c1::spinal nerve roots:: what part of spinal cord?}}. Pain is from {{c1::pressure, inflammation, or other irr…
Published	04/17/2023	What can cause radiculopathy? (aka Etiology){{c1::Bone tumors, ruptured/herniated disc, exostoses(bone spurs), and spinal stenosis. }}
Published	04/17/2023	What are signs + symptoms of radiculopathy?{{c1:: low back pain, paresthesias(numbness), and lumbar scoliosis(from muscle spasms). }}
Published	04/17/2023	When pts describe radiculopathy pain, it's usually {{c1::unilat below the knee, and burning + radiating:: where is it? what is the pain like?}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Why do disc herniations usually occur at L4-L5?{{c1:: Most motion occurs in lumbar region AND the posterior longitudinal ligament there is much weaker…
Published	04/17/2023	What are two major differential diagnoses of radiculopathy?{{c1:: Cauda equina syndrome and abdominal aortic aneurysm. }}
Published	04/17/2023	Neurologic exam for radiculopathy:Deep tendon reflexes w pt seated; patellar reflex checks for {{c1::L4::what nerve root?}} and achilles reflex tests …
Published	04/17/2023	Neurologic exam for radiculopathy:Motor fxn of lower extremities;Hip flexors test for L{{c1::2}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Neurologic exam for radiculopathy:Motor fxn of lower extremities;Knee flexors test for S{{c1::1}}, knee extensors test for L{{c1::3}}
Published	04/17/2023	Neurologic exam for radiculopathy:Motor fxn of lower extremities;Dorsiflexion tests for L{{c1::4}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Neurologic exam for radiculopathy:Motor fxn of lower extremities;Great toe extension tests for L{{c1::5}}.
Published	04/17/2023	What OMM treatments can you use for radiculopathy?{{c1:: myofascial release, counterstrain, and muscle energy. Not sure if HVLA is good option}}
Published	04/17/2023	Only 2-5% of pts w ruptured disc will need surgery. Those who do have {{c1::cauda equina syndrome, progressive neurological deficits, and extreme pain…
Published	04/17/2023	Distance acuity is measured w the {{c1::Snellen}} chart {{c2::6m}} away.20/20 is perfect, {{c3::20/200}} is legally blind.
Published	04/17/2023	Near acuity is measured via the {{c1::Jaegar}} chart; it measures {{c2::habitual reading distance}}.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Myopia}}, aka {{c1::"near-sighted"}} is difficulty seeing far away.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Hyperopia}}, aka {{c1::"far-sighted"}} is difficulty seeing near.
Published	04/17/2023	What CNs innervate the extraocular muscles?{{c1:: LR6, SO4, rest are CN III}}
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Published	04/17/2023	What does PERRLA mean?{{c1:: Pupils are equal, round, reactive to light + accommodation. }}
Published	04/17/2023	What happens in Horner's syndrome?{{c1:: PtosisAnhydrosisMiosis}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Adnexae}} relates to facial symmetry.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Entropion}} = eyelid turns inwards.{{c1::Ectropion}} = eyelid turns outwards.
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Published	04/17/2023	What procedure do we do to view into a pt's eye if there is cornea/lens opacity(eg. cataracts)?{{c1:: Ocular or orbital ultrasonography}}
Published	04/17/2023	In orbital ultrasonography, what's the diff between A-scan and B-scan?A-scan = {{c1:: time vs amplitude, how strong echo is.}}B-scan = {{c1:…
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Published	04/17/2023	Term used to describe inside the joint = {{c1::articular}}Term used to describe outside the joint = {{c1::extra-articular}}
Published	04/17/2023	The synovial hinge joint (movement in one plane) is found in {{c1::elbow, hand, foot::what 3 anatomical structures?}}
Published	04/17/2023	Describe the drop arm test for rotator cuff tears{{c1::Patient asked to abduct arm 90 degrees and to then slowly lower it. If they CANNOT do it W/O pa…
Published	04/17/2023	Describe the crossover test{{c1::Tests for AC joint injuries. Done by adducting patient's arm across the chest. If there is pain, positive test and th…
Published	04/17/2023	When evaluating passive range of motion for the ankle, you want to stabilize the joint by grabbing {{c1::heel::what anatomical structure?}}
Published	04/17/2023	Muscle Strength Testing 0 = {{c1::no muscular contraction}}1 = {{c2::barely detectable}}2 = {{c3::active movement of the body part…
Published	04/17/2023	Describe the Finkelstein's Test{{c1::You make a fist with the thumb inside and bend the wrist to the little finger (can do passively or actively); pai…
Published	04/17/2023	Headache Red Flags - Recent onset (less than {{c1::6 months}})- Onset after age {{c2::50}}- "{{c3::Worse headache of my life}}"- Blood press…
Published	04/17/2023	Conductive hearing loss affects the {{c1::external and/or middle}} earSensorineural hearing loss affects the {{c1::internal}} ear
Published	04/17/2023	Dry, flaking areas of the scalp associated with itching are indicative of {{c1::seborrheic dermatitis}}
Published	04/17/2023	The most consistent physical finding for acromegaly is {{c1::coarsening of facial features}}
Published	04/17/2023	Otitis externa is infection of {{c1::ear canal}} and is associated with {{c1::swelling of canal and pain with movement of the auricle}}Otiti…
Published	04/17/2023	A visual acuity score of 20/20 indicates the {{c1::distance of patient from chart to distance a normal eye can read the line of letters}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Accomodation}} is an increased {{c2::convexity}} of the lenses caused by {{c3::contraction}} of the ciliary muscles
Published	04/17/2023	For the fundoscopic examination, if you start off examining the patient's right eye, you want to hold the otoscope in your {{c1::right}} hand and look…
Published	04/17/2023	When approaching the eye during the fundoscopic examination, you want to approach at a {{c1::15}} degree angle
Published	04/17/2023	A cataract will often present with an absent{{c1:: red reflex:: what reflex??}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Papilledema}} is swelling of the {{c2::optic disc}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Myopia}} means {{c2::near}}-sighted and you correct with {{c2::minus}} powered lens
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Hyperopia}} means {{c2::far}}-sighted and you correct with {{c2::positive}} powered lens
Published	04/17/2023	In {{c2::presbyopia}}, the lens loses the ability to {{c1::focus}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Ataxia}}: A lack of coordination or control of voluntary movements, often resulting in unsteady or clumsy movements.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Agnosia}}: A neurological condition in which a person is unable to recognize or identify objects, sounds, smells, or other sensory stimuli, even…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Apraxia}}: A neurological condition in which a person is unable to perform purposeful, coordinated movements, even though the muscles involved i…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Ankle clonus}}: A reflexive twitching or rhythmic contraction of the ankle muscles that occurs when the foot is dorsiflexed (bent upwards) and t…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Spasticity}}: A type of abnormal muscle tone characterized by increased resistance to passive movement, resulting in stiffness or tightness of t…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Flaccidity}}: A lack of muscle tone or resistance to passive movement, resulting in a "limp" or floppy appearance.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Bell's palsy}} is a condition that causes sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face.
Published	04/17/2023	What are the levels of the grading system for deep tendon reflexes?{{c1::}}
Published	04/17/2023	Brudzinski's sign: {{c1::This maneuver is performed with the patient lying flat on their back. The examiner flexes the patient's neck forward, which n…
Published	04/17/2023	Kernig's sign: {{c1::To perform this maneuver, the patient is lying flat on their back with their legs extended. The examiner flexes the patient's hip…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Tremors}}: rhythmic, oscillatory movements that can occur at rest or during movement
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Tics}}: sudden, brief, repetitive movements or sounds that are often suppressible
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Chorea}}: involuntary, jerky movements that are often purposeless
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Athetosis}}: slow, writhing, twisting movements that are often associated with cerebral palsy
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Dystonia}}: sustained, involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures
Published	04/17/2023	Perform a physical examination to look for signs of {{c1::delirium:: which one of the 3 D's}}, such as tremors, hyperactive reflexes, and abnormal pup…
Published	04/17/2023	Perform a physical examination to look for signs of {{c1::depression:: which one of the 3 D's}}, such as psychomotor retardation, poor eye contact, an…
Published	04/17/2023	Perform a physical examination to look for signs of {{c1::dementia:: which one of the 3 D's}}, such as gait disturbances, motor abnormalities, and abn…
Published	04/17/2023	Levels of Consciousness: {{c1::Alert and oriented}}: The person is awake, aware of their surroundings, and can respond appropriately to questions and…
Published	04/17/2023	Signs in Comatose Pt: {{c1::Decorticate rigidity}}: This is a posturing response to noxious stimuli in which the arms are flexed and adducted, and th…
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Apgar}} score is a quick assessment tool used to evaluate the health and well-being of newborns immediately after birth.
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)}} is a standardized test used to evaluate a child's developmental progress in the first six years…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Cutis marmorata}}: A transient, lace-like bluish discoloration of the skin seen in newborns that occurs when exposed to cold or when they cry. I…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Acrocyanosis}}: A bluish discoloration of the hands and feet, which is common in newborns and young infants, and is caused by reduced peripheral…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Harlequin dyschromia}}: A rare genetic skin condition characterized by a half red, half white appearance of the skin on the body. The red and wh…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Lanugo}}: A fine, downy hair that covers the body of a developing fetus and some newborns, especially those born prematurely. It is typically sh…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Vernix caseosa}}: A white, cheese-like substance that covers the skin of a developing fetus and some newborns. It is composed of sebum and dead …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Miliaria rubra}}: Also known as "heat rash," it is a common skin condition seen in newborns and infants, characterized by small, red bumps on th…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Erythema toxicum}}: A common skin rash that appears in newborns within the first few days of life. It is characterized by raised, yellow or whit…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Pustular melanosis}}: A benign, self-limited skin condition that is commonly seen in newborns, particularly those with darker skin. It is charac…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Milia}}: Small white or yellowish bumps that commonly appear on the nose, chin, and cheeks of newborns. They are caused by clogged sebaceous gla…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Mongolian spot}}: A common birthmark that is seen in newborns with darker skin tones. It appears as a bluish-gray patch on the lower back or but…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Salmon patch}}: Also known as "stork bite," it is a common type of birthmark that appears on the face or neck of newborns. It is caused by a tem…
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::anterior}} fontanelle is located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, and the {{c1::posterior}} fontanelle is located at the…
Published	04/17/2023	The anterior fontanelle usually closes between {{c1::12 to 18}} months of age, while the posterior fontanelle typically closes by {{c1::2 to 3}} month…
Published	04/17/2023	A bulging fontanelle may be a sign of increased {{c1::intracranial pressure}}, which can be caused by a variety of conditions such as meningitis, ence…
Published	04/17/2023	A {{c1::depressed}} fontanelle may indicate dehydration or malnutrition.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Caput succedaneum}}: This is a condition where there is swelling and bruising of the scalp due to pressure on the head during delivery.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Cephalohematoma}}: This is a collection of blood that forms underneath the skull bone.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Craniosynostosis}}: This is a condition where one or more of the sutures (joints) between the bones of the skull close too early, resulting in a…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Epstein's pearls}} are small, white, pearly papules that are commonly found on the gums and roof of the mouth in newborns. These papules are har…
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Ortolani and Barlow:: x2?}} tests are used to screen for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants.
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Ortolani}} test involves gentle abduction of the hip while applying gentle pressure to the thigh to feel for a "clunk" or click as the femor…
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Barlow}} test involves adduction of the hip while applying gentle pressure to the thigh to assess for hip instability. If the hip is unstabl…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Rooting}} reflex: A newborn's automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus near the mouth or cheek
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Moro}} reflex: A startle reflex where a newborn throws their arms out and then brings them back in, usually in response to a sudden noise or mov…
Published	04/17/2023	A positive {{c1::Babinski}} response, where the big toe extends and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stimulated, is normal up until…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Intermittent claudication}}: This is the most common symptom of PVD. Patients experience pain or cramping in their legs during physical activity…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Rest}} pain: Patients with severe PVD may experience pain in their legs even when at rest, especially when lying down.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Arterial}} insufficiency is associated with decreased blood flow to the lower extremities, leading to ischemia and tissue damage, while {{c1::ve…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Pitting edema}} is the swelling of the skin caused by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
Published	04/17/2023	The etiology of {{c1::pitting }} edema can be related to a variety of conditions, including heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, lymphatic ob…
Published	04/17/2023	What's the scale for pitting edema?{{c1::The depth of the indentation corresponds to the degree of edema, and the skin overlying the affected area may…
Published	04/17/2023	The signs and symptoms of {{c1::acute arterial occlusion}} include: Sudden onset of pain: Patients may experience sudden, severe pain in the affected…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Homan's}} sign is a physical exam maneuver used to evaluate for {{c2::deep vein thrombosis (DVT)}}. To perform this test, the examiner should fu…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Allen's}} sign is used to assess arterial blood flow to the hand.
Published	04/17/2023	What's the grading system for peripheral pulses?{{c1::The grading scale ranges from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating no palpable pulse and 4 indicating a bou…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Intermittent claudication}} is a symptom of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) that is characterized by cramping, pain, or weakness in the muscle…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Articular:: Articular or extra-articular?}} diseases typically involves swelling and tenderness of the entire joint and limits both active and p…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Extra-articular:: Articular or extra-articular?}} diseases typically involves selected regions of the joint and types of movement (ex: bursitis,…
Published	04/17/2023	Hip is a {{c1::true ball and socket}} joint; shoulder is modified {{c1::ball and socket}}
Published	04/17/2023	Examples of Synovial (freely movable) joints are the {{c1::knee}} and {{c1::shoulder}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Examples of Cartilaginous (slightly movable) joints are {{c1::vertebrae of spine}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Examples of Fibrous (immovable) joints are {{c1::skull sutures}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Bones involved in {{c1::synovial}} joints don’t touch each other.
Published	04/17/2023	Cartilaginous joint has {{c1::nucleus pulposus}} at the center of each disc that serves ascushion/shock absorber.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Fibrous}} joints have bones in direct contact
Published	04/17/2023	Range of motion: {{c1::active:: active or passive?}} (by the patient) and {{c1::passive}} (by the examiner).
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Crepitus}} = an audible or palpable “crunching” during movement of joints.
Published	04/17/2023	Signs of inflammation and arthritis:{{c1::Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat.:: x5}}
Published	04/17/2023	To locate and palpate the {{c1::TMJ:: whjich joint?}}, place the tips of your index fingers justin front of the tragus of each ear and ask the patient…
Published	04/17/2023	What are the SITS muscles of the shoulder? {{c1:: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis.}}
Published	04/17/2023	The best predictors of Rotator Cuff Tear are:◆ {{c1::Supraspinatus}} weakness on abduction◆ {{c2::Infraspinatus}} weakness on external rotation
Published	04/17/2023	Neer’s impingement sign: {{c1::Press on the scapula to prevent scapularmotion with one hand, and raise the patient’s arm with the other. Thiscompresse…
Published	04/17/2023	Hawkin’s impingement sign: {{c1::Flex the patient’s shoulder and elbow to 90°with the palm facing down. Then, with one hand on the forearm and one ont…
Published	04/17/2023	The "empty can test" is specific for the {{c1::supraspinatus:: which rotator cuff muscle?}} muscle weakness.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::McMurray}} Test: If a click is felt or heard at the joint line during flexion and extension of the knee, or if tenderness is noted along the joi…
Published	04/17/2023	Valgus stress test: used to assess tear in {{c1::medial:: M or L?}} collateral ligament.Varus stress test: used to assess tear in {{c1::lateral:: M or…
Published	04/17/2023	Anterior Drawer Sign, Lachman test: used to assess {{c1::ACL:: which knee ligament?}} tear
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Tinel's}} sign tests median nerve compression by tapping lightly over medial nerve in carpal tunnel.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Phalen's}} sign is used to test for median nerve by asking pt to flex wrist for 60 sec.
Published	04/17/2023	Osteoarthritis:{{c1::Heberden's}} nodes are on DIPs; hard and painless. {{c1::Bouchard's}} nodes are on the PIPs.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Rheumatoid arthritis}}: Tender, painful, stiff joints. The proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and wrist joints are the most frequent…
Published	04/17/2023	Carpal tunnel syndrome = {{c1::thenar:: thenar or hypothenar?}} atrophy in median nerve compression. Ulnar nerve compression = {{c1::hypothenar}} atro…
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Published	04/17/2023	Genu {{c1::varum}} = bowed legs.Genu {{c1::valgum}} = knock knees.Genu {{c1::recurvatum}} = back knee.
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Published	04/17/2023	When a person shifts gaze from a far object to a near one, the pupils {{c1::constrict:: dilate or constrict?}}. This response, like the light reaction…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Accommodation}} = an increased convexity of the lenses caused by contraction of the ciliary muscles
Published	04/17/2023	A {{c1::diopter}} is a unit that measures the power of a lens to converge or diverge light.
Published	04/17/2023	Remember, hold the ophthalmoscope in your right hand to examine the patient’s {{c1::right:: R or L?}} eye; hold it in your left hand to examine the pa…
Published	04/17/2023	In {{c1::hypertensive retinopathy:: what kind of retinopathy?}}, the arteries may show areas of focal or generalized narrowing
Published	04/17/2023	Neovascularization refers to the formation of new blood vessels. They are more numerous, more tortuous, and narrower than other blood vessels in the a…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Glaucoma}}: dilation of deeper vessels that are visible as radiating vessels or a reddish violet flush around the limbus. Eye may be diffus…
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