Notes in Exam I

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Published	01/09/2025	{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.0145:top=.0672:fill=#000000:text=Immunity:scale=1.3964:fs=.0791:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2062:top=.7964…
Published	01/07/2025	List 4 immune-associated health or disease processes
Published	01/07/2025	Define: Pathogen
Published	01/07/2025	Describe the difference between pathogenicity and virulence
Published	01/07/2025	Define: Attenuation
Published	01/07/2025	Define: Toxoid
Published	01/07/2025	What are the three types of physical barrier protecting the body?
Published	01/07/2025	Within adaptive immunity there are two sub-categories.{{c1::Humoral}} immunity is immunity in {{c2::blood}}. It is mediated by {{c2::antibodies}}.{{c1…
Published	01/07/2025	How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the etymology of vaccination?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the primary difference between plasma and serum? Which has antibodies?
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::Phagocytes}} are cells that {{c2::ingest and destroy microbes as their primary role}}. Examples include {{c2::macrophages}}, {{c2::neutrophils}}…
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::Lymphocytes}} are cells that {{c2::express antigenic receptors and can develop memory}}. Examples include {{c2::B}} and {{c2::T cells}}
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::Antigen presenting cells (APC)}} are cells that {{c2::capture antigens, then present their PAMP to lymphocytes}}. Examples include {{c2::B …
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::Polymorphonuclear cells}} are cells with {{c2::segmented nuclei}}. Examples include {{c2::neutrophils}}, {{c2::basophils}}, and {{c2::eosinophil…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::Mononuclear cells}} are cells with {{c2::non-segmented nuclei}}. Examples include {{c2::monocytes}} and {{c2::lymphocytes}}
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::Granulocytes}} are cells with {{c2::cytoplasmic granules}}. Examples include {{c2::neutrophils}}, {{c2::basophils}}, {{c2::eosinophils}}, and {{…
Published	01/07/2025	What are the 5 primary signs of inflammation?
Published	01/09/2025	What is the primary pathogenic structure for recognition of pathogens?
Published	01/07/2025	What is the most important Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for this class?
Published	01/07/2025	The most important receptor category for pathogen recognition are the {{c1::Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)}}. The most important type of thi…
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4763:top=.5392:width=.0666:height=.0425:oi=1}}{{c0::image-occlusion:text:left=.216:top=.8031:fill=#000000:text=No nee…
Published	01/07/2025	Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) respond to both {{c1::PAMPs (Pathogen-associated molecular patterns)}} and {{c1::DAMPs (Damage-associated mo…
Published	01/09/2025	What is the most important DAMP (damage-associated molecular pattern) for this course?
Published	01/07/2025	Cells with PRRs (Pattern recognition receptors)--also known as {{c1::sentinel cells}}--include {{c1::macrophages}}, {{c1::dendritic cells}}, and {{c1:…
Published	01/09/2025	{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6073:top=.7679:width=.1471:height=.0911:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1429:top=.6464:width=.0563:height=.040…
Published	01/07/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0997:top=.814:width=.1437:height=.1698}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4351:top=.5652:width=.1455:height=.2158}}{{c…
Published	01/07/2025	What causes activation of mast cells, and what do they release?
Published	01/07/2025	Define: Cytokine
Published	01/07/2025	Define: Chemokine
Published	01/07/2025	What is the primary inflammatory chemokine for this course?
Published	01/09/2025	What are the primary inflammatory cytokines for this course?
Published	01/07/2025	During inflammation {{c1::vasoactive mediators}} cause change in {{c2::vessel dilation}} and {{c2::vascular permeability}}. The two primary …
Published	01/09/2025	What are the 3 modes of action for a neutrophil?
Published	01/09/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7737:top=.7075:width=.1909:height=.2597:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.408:top=.7074:width=.192:height=.2694:…
Published	01/09/2025	What are the 3 main steps for migration of neutrophils into tissues, and their associated reactions?
Published	01/09/2025	Define: Opsonization
Published	01/09/2025	What are the general steps for a neutrophil to phagocytose a pathogen?
Published	01/09/2025	There are two major types of cytotoxic granules produced by neutrophils. {{c1::Lactoferrin}} inhibits growth by {{c2::binding iron and inhibiting…
Published	01/09/2025	What neutrophilic structure is used to trap pathogens?
Published	01/09/2025	While macrophages and neutrophils can both perform phagocytosis to kill pathogens, what is the primary difference between their ability to do so?
Published	01/09/2025	Macrophages and neutrophils bind to different signals to phagocytose a pathogen. Macrophages bind to {{c1::DAMPs, PAMPs, and complement protein}}…
Published	01/09/2025	Broadly describe the three main functions of a macrophage
Published	01/09/2025	Can macrophages trigger innate immune response, adaptive response, or both?
Published	01/17/2025	What are the main acute phase proteins for this course?
Published	01/17/2025	What are the functions of acute phase proteins?
Published	01/16/2025	An {{c1::antigen}} is any foreign substance that can bind to specific lymphocyte receptors and induce an immune response.
Published	01/16/2025	An {{c1::epitope}} is a specific region of an antigen against which immune responses are directed. {{c1::Epitopes}} can bind to specific lymphocyte re…
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Haptens}} are small molecules that become antigenic when conjugated/attached to larger proteins.
Published	01/15/2025	Describe the features of a “good” antigen / what makes a molecule antigenic.
Published	01/15/2025	List the types of molecules that serve as antigens. Of these, which are the most antigenic?
Published	01/15/2025	Compare the characteristics of antigens recognized by B cells and antigens recognized by T cells.
Published	01/15/2025	List the four main types of microbial antigens.
Published	01/15/2025	List two types of non-microbial antigens.
Published	01/15/2025	A {{c1::cross-reaction}} is when antibodies directed against one antigen react with an unrelated antigen because identical or similar epitopes may be …
Published	01/16/2025	MHC-1 proteins have {{c1::one}} transmembrane “leg/s”, while MHC-II proteins have {{c1::two}} transmembrane “leg/s”.
Published	01/15/2025	An {{c1::antigen presenting cell (APC)}} is a cell that captures foreign antigens and present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes (via MHC proteins…
Published	01/15/2025	List three types of cells that function as APCs.
Published	01/15/2025	Describe what is meant by the term “professional” APC.
Published	01/15/2025	Starting with antigen capture by immature dendritic cells, describe the events leading to antigen presentation to T lymphocytes.
Published	01/15/2025	What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous antigens?
Published	01/15/2025	Describe exogenous antigen processing and presentation.
Published	01/15/2025	Describe endogenous antigen processing and presentation.
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Locus}}: Specific location of a gene on a chromosome (A, B, C)
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Alleles}}: Variant forms of a single gene found at the same place on a chromosome (A1 vs A2).
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Isoforms}}: Variants of a family of proteins (irrespective of genetic locus; A1 vs B1 vs A2…)
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Haplotype}}: the combination of alleles on a single chromosome (A1, B1, C1 vs A2, B2, C2)
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Gene family}}: Multiple genes encoding similar proteins
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::Polymorphism}}: Multiple alleles for each locus; presence within the population of multiple alleles. Different types are monomorphic (only one a…
Published	01/16/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3479:top=.0603:width=.1095:height=.0608}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8408:top=.0611:width=.1069:height=.0608}}{{…
Published	01/16/2025	What are the sources of MHC diversity in an animal?
Published	01/16/2025	What is MHC restriction?
Published	01/16/2025	In the context of MHC restriction, what are the two things T cells must recognize on the surface of infected cells in order to kill them?
Published	01/16/2025	What is the advantage of MHC diversity in an individual?
Published	01/16/2025	What is the advantage of MHC diversity in a population?
Published	01/16/2025	Describe the genetic characteristics of the MHC.
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