Notes in Blue Ophthalmology::Jeff Ophtho

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Published	11/13/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a young child that presents with dry eyes, dry skin, and difficulty adapting to darkness? Exam may show a gray pa…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Uhthoff's}} phenomenon is a decrease in vision with {{c2::increase in body temperature}}, which is an indicator of {{c3::optic neuritis }}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c2::Eales}} disease:peripheral retinal vasculopathy characterized by retinal periphlebitis, ischemia, and neovascularization.Hallmark is recurrent {…
Published	11/13/2023	History of significant carotid artery occlusion on the same side with elevated intraocular pressure would raise one’s suspicion of {{c1::ocular ischem…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Marginal}} keratitis is inflammation of the outer edge of the cornea, typically caused by a hypersensitivity reaction against {{c1::staph::organ…
Published	11/13/2023	Terrien's marginal degeneration =marginal corneal thinning which causes a high degree of {{c1::against-the-rule}} astigmatism.
Published	11/13/2023	Pt with photophobia has chroincally recurrent oval corneal intraepithelial white-grey opacities in a paraxial distribution.Dx = {{c1::Thygeson's}} sup…
Published	11/13/2023	3 ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency:{{c1::Nyctalopia}}, aka night blindness{{c1::Xerosis}}, aka conjunctival dryness and keratinization{{c1::Bitot}…
Published	11/13/2023	Cogan (epithelial basement membrane) dystrophy:Histology: basement membrane thickening & deficient {{c2::hemidesmosomes::cell junction}}.Signs: {{…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the signs of the following corneal epithelial dystrophies?Cogan dystrophy (aka EBMD): {{c1::Dot-like and microcystic epithelial lesions, and …
Published	11/13/2023	Bowman layer/Anterior stromal dystrophies{{c1::Reis-Bücklers}} corneal dystrophy: A {{c1::reticular}} pattern of cloudiness bilaterally.{{c1::Thiel-Be…
Published	11/13/2023	Lattice corneal dystrophy: key featuresLattice corneal dystrophy Type 1: {{c1::TGFB1}} mutation (5q31). with '{{c1::Glass-like}}' filamentous lesions.…
Published	11/13/2023	Granular corneal dystrophies: Key featuresBoth involve mutations of {{c1::TGFB1}}, with autosomal dominant inheritanceGranular corneal dystrophy Type …
Published	11/13/2023	Intracranial aneurysms{{c1::Terson}} syndrome is {{c2::a combination of intraocular and subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to aneurysmal rupture.}}
Published	11/13/2023	Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a blood vessel complex extending from the choriocapillaris through {{c1::Bruch membrane}} into the sub-RPE or su…
Published	11/13/2023	Finding: {{c1::Angioid streaks}}, which result from breaks in a weakened {{c2::Bruch's membrane}}
Published	11/13/2023	Child presents with hearing loss and connective tissue abnormalities. Ocular findings:1. High {{c2::myopia}}2. Vitreoretinal {{c2::degeneration}}3. {{…
Published	11/13/2023	Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy =slowly progressive failure of vascularization of the {{c1::temporal::medial \|\| temporal}} retinal periphery, sim…
Published	11/13/2023	Horner-Trantas dots=Limbal papillae in {{c1::vernal keratoconjunctivitis::Dx}}
Published	11/13/2023	Top left: Giant papillae. Top right: Limbal papillae with {{c2::Horner-Trantas}} dotsBottom: {{c2::Shield}} ulcerDx = {{c1::Vernal}} keratoconjunctiv…
Published	11/13/2023	Causes of choroidal {{c2::detachment}} 1. Glaucoma surgery causing {{c1::hypotony}} -- Most common!2. Medications: perioperative {{c1::antimetabolites…
Published	11/13/2023	In Terson syndrome, the intraocular hemorrhage is typically {{c1::intra/pre}}retinal
Published	11/13/2023	Complications of scleritis:Cornea: {{c1::Sclerosing}} keratitis (chronic thinning + opacification of peripheral cornea such that it resembles sclera).…
Published	11/13/2023	Signs of optic neuropathy encountered in thyroid eye disease:Reduced VA,Swollen optic disc,{{c1::Central/paracentral::location}} field defects, which …
Published	11/13/2023	Pt presents with epibulbar vascular dilatation with a 'corkscrew' appearance. Hemorrhagic chemosis. CN involvement with ptosis and ophthalmoplegia. Fu…
Published	11/13/2023	How are cavernous hemangiomas treated?{{c1::Observation alone}} is usually appropriate. Symptomatic lesions require {{c1::surgical excision}}
Published	11/13/2023	The basal columnar epithelial layer of the cornea is attached to the basal lamina (bowman layer) by {{c1::hemidesmosomes::cell junction type}}.
Published	11/13/2023	A {{c1::mittendorf dot::exam finding}} is found on the {{c2::posterior pole}} of the lens, and is due to a remnant of the {{c3::hyaloid vasculature::e…
Published	11/13/2023	The optic nerve head has 4 anatomic subdivisions{{c1::Superficial nerve fiber layerPrelaminar areaLaminar areaRetrolaminar area}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the equation for the modified Goldmann equation?{{c1::}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the equation of the Imbert-Fick principle?{{c1::Pressure = Force / Area}}
Published	11/13/2023	A common corneal finding associated with {{c2::congenital glaucoma::type of glaucoma}} is {{c1::Haab striae::other than edema}}
Published	11/13/2023	The corneal appearance associated with iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome is a "{{c1::beaten bronze}}" appearance.
Published	11/13/2023	What are the anatomic boundaries of the anterior segment of the optic nerve?{{c1::Retinal surface to the retrolaminar region}}
Published	11/13/2023	The further away from the optic nerve, the {{c1::deeper::deeper or shallower}} within the RNFL the fiber runs.
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Lens rim}} is a type of artifact of VF testing that occurs when the {{c2::machine's corrective lens is decentered or set too far}}.
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Cloverleaf pattern}} is a type of artifact of VF testing that occurs when the {{c2::patient stops paying attention (false negative)}}.
Published	11/13/2023	What is the effect of low ocular perfusion pressure on the risk of developing primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)?{{c1::Low ocular perfusion pressure i…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c2::Pseudoexfoliation syndrome}} is associated with the mutation of {{c1::LOXL1}}.
Published	11/13/2023	What ethnicity has the highest rate of pseudoexfoliation syndrome?{{c1::Scandinavian}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the prognosis of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma vs primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)?{{c1::Much worse - more treatment resistant}}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Glaucomatocyclitic crisis}} is also known as {{c2::Posner schlossman}} syndrome.
Published	11/13/2023	What is the treatment for Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis?{{c1::Normal IOP lowering drugs - DO NOT USE STEROIDS}}
Published	11/13/2023	A cause of secondary open angle glaucoma is {{c1::hemolytic}} and {{c1::ghost cell}} glaucoma both of which can develop after {{c2::vitreous hemorrhag…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema}} syndrome is a cause of secondary OAG that is caused by chafing of the iris from a {{c2::malpositioned ACIOL or suture…
Published	11/13/2023	One cause of secondary open angle glaucoma is {{c1::schwartz matsuo}} syndrome that occurs after {{c2::rhegmatogenous retinal detachment}}. This occur…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the risk factors for corticosteroid induced glaucoma? (1 by 1){{c1::Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)::ocular history}}{{c1::First degree re…
Published	11/13/2023	The {{c1::early manifest glaucoma trial (EMGT)}} was a study to evaluate the effectiveness of lowering IOP in patients with early, newly detected OAG.
Published	11/13/2023	The most common causes of neovascular glaucoma are:{{c1::Diabetic retinopathy}}{{c1::Retinal venous occlusive disease (CRVO/BRVO)}}{{c1::Ocular ischem…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the 3 clinical variants of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome?{{c1::Iris nevus (Cogan-reese) syndrome}}{{c1::Chandler syndrome - beaten …
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Specular}} microscopy can confirm the diagnosis of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome by demonstrating {{c2::light-dark reversal}} in the i…
Published	11/13/2023	What can be used to diagnose epithelial membrane ingrowth on the iris surface?{{c1::Argon laser - produces a characteristic white burn}}
Published	11/13/2023	What are the 2 main proteins/genes associated with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?- {{c1::CYP1B1 (cytochrome) on the GLC3A locus}}- {{c1::LTBP2 (la…
Published	11/13/2023	Mutations in the {{c1::PAX6}} gene are associated with {{c2::aniridia::iris finding}}.
Published	11/13/2023	What mutations are associated with Axenfeld Rieger syndrome?{{c1::PITX2}}{{c1::FOXC1}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the classic triad of Sturge weber syndrome?Ipsilateral {{c1::facial cutaneous hemangioma (port-wine stain)}}Ipsilateral {{c1::choroidal cavern…
Published	11/13/2023	In patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), EDI-OCT reveals a {{c1::thickened}} choroid in the affected and fellow eyes, as opposed to th…
Published	11/13/2023	How can CRVO be differentiated from ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) on fundus exam (no touching the eye)?{{c1::OIS has no tortuous vessels}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the triad of symptoms of ocular ischemic syndrome?{{c1::Gradual vision loss}}{{c1::Orbital pain}}{{c1::Prolonged recovery after bright lights}…
Published	11/13/2023	How can physical pressure on the globe be used to differentiate ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) from CVRO?{{c1::In OIS the arteries will collapse, in C…
Published	11/13/2023	Photocoagulation is associated with a higher risk of what complication in sickle cell retinopathy vs PDR?{{c1::Retinal tears and subsequent rhegmatoge…
Published	11/13/2023	Type {{c1::1}} macular telangiectasia is a {{c2::uni}}lateral parafoveal telangiectasia.
Published	11/13/2023	Type {{c1::3}} macular telangiectasia is a {{c2::bi}}lateral parafoveal telangiectasia with {{c3::retinal capillary obliteration}}.
Published	11/13/2023	What are the characteristic fundus findings of Purtscher retinopathy?{{c1::Purtscher flecken and cotton wool spots::2}}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Uveal effusion}} syndrome is a disease where the abnormal {{c2::scleral::layer}} composition or thickness reduces outflow through the posterior …
Published	11/13/2023	In which layers of the eye do you find the plaques of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE)?{{c1::RPE and choriocapillari…
Published	11/13/2023	What systemic diseases should be ruled out in a patient presenting with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE)?{{c1::Sarco…
Published	11/13/2023	The {{c1::HLA-A29}} allele is associated with {{c2::birdshot}} uveitis.
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN)}} is a disease that occurs in healthy young patients due to a {{c2::mobile subretinal nematode…
Published	11/13/2023	What is the classic appearance of the fundus in hydroxychloroquine toxicity?{{c1::Bulls eye appearance}}
Published	11/13/2023	What would hydroxychloroquine toxicity show on OCT?{{c1::Outer segment/EZ zone loss paracentrally}}
Published	11/13/2023	What associated conditions place patients at higher risk of hydroxychloroquine toxicity?- {{c1::Duration of use > 5 years::duration of use}}- {{c1:…
Published	11/13/2023	The chemotherapeutic drug class {{c1::MEK inhibitors}} can cause toxicity that appears similar in appearance to {{c2::central serous chorioretinopathy…
Published	11/13/2023	Intracameral {{c1::vancomycin::antibiotic}} is associated with {{c2::hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis}} due to a type {{c3::III}} hypersentivi…
Published	11/13/2023	What 2 drugs can cause choroidal effusions that push the lens diaphragm forward and lead to myopic shift and angle closure glaucoma?{{c1::Topiramate}}…
Published	11/13/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #1 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::superior nasal or temporal detachements::type of de…
Published	11/13/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #2 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::superior detachments that cross 12 o clock::type of…
Published	11/13/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #3 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::inferior detachments::type of detachment}}, the pri…
Published	11/13/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #4 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::inferior bullous detachments::type of detachment}},…
Published	11/13/2023	What disease process must be ruled out in patients with inferiorly located exudative RDs?{{c1::Superior tear RRD (lincoff rule #4)}}
Published	11/13/2023	What are the common tests used to monitor the progression of birdshot uveitis?{{c1::Full-field ERG (30Hz LA)}}{{c1::HVF 30-2}}
Published	11/13/2023	How does acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) appear on intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA)?{{c1::Early hypofluor…
Published	11/13/2023	How does acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) appear on indocyanine green (ICG) angiography?{{c1::Hypofluorescence with …
Published	11/13/2023	What infectious disease causes a pattern of inflammation similar in appearance to serpiginous choroiditis?{{c1::Tuberculosis (TB)}}
Published	11/13/2023	How is tuberculosis (TB) serpiginous like choroiditis different than serpiginous choroiditis on exam?{{c1::Unilateral::laterality}}{{c1::More vitritis…
Published	11/13/2023	How is punctate inner choroiditis different on exam than multifocal choroiditis?{{c1::Lesions do not extend into the midperiphery}}{{c1::Rarely associ…
Published	11/13/2023	Is punctate inner choroidopathy typically anterior, intermediate or posterior uveitis?{{c1::Posterior only}}
Published	11/13/2023	What iris finding of VZV uveitis is shown here?{{c1::SECTORAL iris atrophy}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the classic triad of ocular histoplasmosis?{{c1::Histo spots: Atrophic "punched out" choroioretinal scars}}{{c1::Peripapillary pigment changes…
Published	11/13/2023	What species of nematode most commonly causes diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN)?{{c1::Ancylostoma - from dogs}}{{c1::Baylisascaris - f…
Published	11/13/2023	What lesion of the eye is shown here?{{c1::Morpheaform BCC}}
Published	11/13/2023	Around 1 month of gestation the {{c1::hyaloid}} artery goes on to form a network of capillaries called the {{c2::tunica vasculosa lentis}} around the …
Published	11/13/2023	When evaluating a patient for CEIOL, the presence of {{c1::pseudoex material}} in the pupillary margin may indicate {{c2::weak zonules and poor dilati…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Pellucid marginal degeneration::corneal disease}} has a {{c2::crab-claw}} configuration with {{c2::against the rule astigmatism}} on topography.
Published	11/13/2023	What are the top 3 groups of causes of interpalprebral staining?{{c1::Dry Eye Disease}}{{c1::Exposure}}{{c1::Neurotrophic keratopathy}}
Published	11/13/2023	In severe aqueous tear deficiency, {{c1::filaments}} which are strands of degenerating {{c2::epithelial}} cells over a core of {{c3::mucus}} may form.
Published	11/13/2023	What is used to manage filamentary keratopathy (if the underlying disease cannot be managed)?{{c1::Filaments debrided with jewelers forceps*}}
Published	11/13/2023	A chronic inflammatory condition involving the superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva with punctate cornea staining adjacent to superior limbus and fi…
Published	11/13/2023	What is the conservative medical management of limbal stem cell deficiency? (after discontinuing inciting cause){{c1::Topical anti-inflammatory meds (…
Published	11/13/2023	A {{c1::fleischer ring}} is a circular iron line corneal degeneration that is typically associated with {{c2::keratoconus::disease}}.
Published	11/13/2023	A {{c1::ferry's line}} is a type of iron line corneal degeneration that is typically associated with a {{c2::filtering bleb}}.
Published	11/13/2023	Where do you typically see terrien marginal degeneration begin?{{c1::Superior::Inferior, Superior, Nasal or Temporal}}
Published	11/13/2023	A variant of salzmann nodular degeneration is {{c1::peripheral hypertrophic subepithelial corneal degeneration}} which is characterized by bilateral p…
Published	11/13/2023	Late in the disease of keratoconus, {{c1::breaks in descemet's membrane::corneal layer}} can occur leading to acute {{c2::hydrops}}.
Published	11/13/2023	What slit lamp finding of keratoconus is shown here?{{c1::Acute hydrops}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the typical result of acute hydrops in keratoconus after the edema has resolved?{{c1::Posterior stromal scar - the edema resolves in 3 months}…
Published	11/13/2023	When is keratoplasty indicated in keratoconus?{{c1::Poor VA even with contacts}}{{c1::Contact lens intolerance}}{{c1::Progressive thinning approaching…
Published	11/13/2023	How can ulcers from neurotrophic keratopathy be distinguished from those from recurrent HSV?{{c1::Absence of rose bengal staining}}
Published	11/13/2023	What type of VZV infection is shown here?{{c1::Nummular corneal infiltrates of stromal keratitis}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the main viral infection of the anterior segment caused by CMV?{{c1::CMV anterior uveitis}}
Published	11/13/2023	Is epidemic keratoconjunctivitis typically uni or bilateral?{{c1::Bilateral}}
Published	11/13/2023	Is the conjunctival reaction follicular or papillary in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)?{{c1::Follicular - but may be obscured by chemosis}}
Published	11/13/2023	Where does the lymphadenopathy appear in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)?{{c1::Preauricular}}
Published	11/13/2023	What are the early slit lamp findings of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) on the cornea?{{c1::Central geographic corneal erosions (first 1-2 weeks)…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the late slit lamp findings of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) on the cornea?{{c1::Multifocal stromal corneal infiltrates}}
Published	11/13/2023	Are steroids used to treat bacterial keratitis?{{c1::Yes after 48 hours - but NOT in the absence of antibiotic therapy}}
Published	11/13/2023	Patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis have an inflammatory type {{c1::1 and 4}} hypersensitivity reaction as well as a depressed {{c1::cell mediat…
Published	11/13/2023	What ocular diseases are patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis at higher risk for developing?- {{c1::HSV}}- {{c1::Staph blepharitis}}
Published	11/13/2023	What type of inflammatory disorder is shown here?{{c1::Ligneous conjunctivitis}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the pathogenesis of ligneous conjunctivitis?{{c1::Type 1 plasminogen deficiency leading to hypofibrinolysis}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the management of ligneous conjunctivitis?{{c1::Surgical excision with or without cryotherapy}}
Published	11/13/2023	What HLA is associated with mucous membrane pemphigoid?{{c1::HLA-DR4}}
Published	11/13/2023	What are the symptoms of thygesons superficial punctate keratitis?{{c1::Similar to an abrasion - FB sensation, photophobia, decreased VA - out of prop…
Published	11/13/2023	What is the management of mild thygesons superficial punctate keratitis?{{c1::AT}}
Published	11/13/2023	One potential complication of DSEK is {{c1::epithelial ingrowth}} which is seen as a gray-white membrane that grows at the graft-host interface.
Published	11/13/2023	A {{c1::oncocytoma}} is a glandular tumor of the conj that is dervied from the lacrimal  glands.
Published	11/13/2023	What factors differentiate primary acquired melanosis from complexion associated melanosis?{{c1::Unilateral}}{{c1::Occurs in light skinned individual}…
Published	11/13/2023	What corneal dystrophies are associated with amyloid deposit?{{c1::Lattice corneal dystrophy (and avellino)}}{{c1::Gelatinous drop like corneal dystro…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the corneal manifestations of marfans syndrome?{{c1::Excessive flattening - sometimes down to 35 D}}
Published	11/13/2023	What congenital syndrome is shown here?{{c1::Crouzon syndrome}}
Published	11/13/2023	What are the causes of {{c1::leukocoria}}?1. Congenital {{c2::Cataract}}2. {{c2::Retinoblastoma}}3. {{c2::ROP (retinopathy of prematurity)}}4. {{c2::H…
Published	11/13/2023	One way that uveitic glaucoma causes increased IOP is from {{c1::corticosteroid::drug}} induced {{c2::reduction of outflow}} through the trabecular me…
Published	11/13/2023	A common off-label drug use in ophthalmology is {{c1::acetylcysteine}} in the management of filamentary keratopathy.
Published	11/13/2023	What type of infectious orbital syndrome presents with {{c2::internal and external ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, decreased corneal sensation and decreased …
Published	11/13/2023	What type of orbital mass can present with enophthalmos at rest and proptosis after placing the head in a dependent position?{{c1::Venous malformation…
Published	11/13/2023	Chlamydia can cause {{c1::inclusion conjunctivitis}} or {{c1::trachoma}} or {{c1::lymphogranuloma venererum}}
Published	11/13/2023	Likely diagnosis of chronic conjunctivitis with purulent discharge lasting >3 weeks?{{c1::Inclusion conjunctivitis}}
Published	11/13/2023	Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is {{c1::Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation/Cryotherapy, anti-VEGF}}
Published	11/13/2023	Age-Related Eye Disease 2 Study has shown that {{c1::omega-3 fatty acids}} have little effect on the eye but {{c2::lutein & zeaxanthin (plant pigm…
Published	11/13/2023	How often should a pt with diabetic retinopathy be followed according to 2008 preferred practice guidelines? {{c1::Normal or minimal NPDR: 12 moMild-M…
Published	11/13/2023	Name the lesion and mechanism:{{c1::Terson syndrome, there's vitreous and sub-ILM/sub-hyaloid hemorrhage caused by acute rise in intra-ocular venous p…
Published	11/13/2023	How is Purtscher worse than Terson syndrome?{{c1::Purtscher causes injury-induced complement activation, which occludes small arterioles and leads to …
Published	11/13/2023	What are the causes of Purtscher-like retinopathy?{{c1::Acute pancreatitis, Collagen-vascular diseases, childbirth, amniotic fluid embolism.}}
Published	11/13/2023	How often does severe NPDR progress to PDR?{{c1::Severe is 15% in first year (60% in 3 years), very severe is 45%}}
Published	11/13/2023	What did the ETDRS study do?{{c1::Randomly assigned pts with macular edema to focal argon photocoagulation or observation. Demonstrated that photocoag…
Published	11/13/2023	Which two white dots have vitreous cell?{{c1::Birdshot and Multifocal choroiditis and Panuveitis (MCP)}}
Published	11/13/2023	Which white dot syndromes have a viral prodrome?{{c1::APMPPE, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)}}
Published	11/13/2023	Classic FA pattern of APMPEE{{c1::Blocks early, stains late}}
Published	11/13/2023	How do you tell acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) from Syphilis on clinical history?{{c1::APMPPE pts usually aren't i…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the stages of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN)?{{c1::1) Acute stage with decreased VA and pain. Exam reveals vitritis,disc e…
Published	11/13/2023	What's the standard PRP treatment per eye according to the DRS study?{{c1::1200 or more 500 micron burns, seperated by 1/2 to 1 burn width apart at 0.…
Published	11/13/2023	Diagnosis in this patient with 1-2+ vitreous cell, without an identifiable underlying infection{{c1::Multifocal choroiditis}}
Published	11/13/2023	How did the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) define clinically significant macular edema (CSME)?{{c1::Defined with slit-lamp biomicr…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the "high-risk characteristics" of PDR?{{c1::1)NVD 1/4-1/3 DD2)Any NVD with Vit heme or preretinal heme3) NVE ≥ 1/2 DD with preretinal or vit…
Published	11/13/2023	Combination of hyperopic pt with exudative RD and "leopard-spot" pattern without leakage on FA are classic features of {{c1::Uveal effusion syndrome…
Published	11/13/2023	What treatments are first line for Behcet disease?{{c1::Azathioprine + infliximab, Cyclosporine if ocular predominate, and Tacrolimus}}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Goldenhar syndrome}} is characterized by Duane retraction syndrome in addition to {{c2::hemifacial microsomia, ocular dermoids, and eyelid colob…
Published	11/13/2023	What are the classic iris nodules of ocular sarcoidosis, and where are they?{{c1::Berlin nodules at the iris angle, Busacca nodules in the iris stroma…
Published	11/13/2023	The inferior vortex veins drain into the {{c1::inferior ophthalmic veins}}, while the superior vortex veins drain into the {{c1::superior ophthalmic v…
Published	11/13/2023	When describing the location of ROP, Zone {{c1::I}} refers to the {{c2::posterior retina wihin a 60 degree circle around the optic nerve}}
Published	11/13/2023	When describing the location of ROP, Zone {{c1::II}} refers to the {{c2::external border of Zone I to a circle bordered by the nasal ora serrata anter…
Published	11/13/2023	When describing the location of ROP, Zone {{c1::III}} refers to the {{c2::temporal peripheral retina not in Zone II}}
Published	11/13/2023	What type of eyelid abnormality is shown here?{{c1::Congenital nevocellular nevi}}
Published	11/13/2023	What other bone deformity is nearly ubiquitous across the craniosynostosis syndromes?{{c1::Syndactyly (partial fusion of digits) and brachydactyly (sh…
Published	11/13/2023	How do pts with Posner-Schlossman syndrome present?{{c1::Acute, unilateral, recurrent attacks of elevated IOP with low-grade non-granulomatous anterio…
Published	11/13/2023	Diagnose this female with blurry vision OD who just got over flu:{{c1::Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)}}
Published	11/13/2023	What type of allergic conjunctivitis is shown here?{{c1::Vernal - shield ulcer}}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Ligneous}} conjunctivitis is a bilateral conjunctivitis characterized by a firm woody pseudomembrane due to a deficiency of {{c2::type I plasmin…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c2::Peters anomaly}} is also known as {{c1::kerato-irido-lenticular dysgenesis}}
Published	11/13/2023	What are the additional non-ocular features of Peters-plus syndrome?{{c1::Short stature}}{{c1::Distinct craniofacial appearance}}{{c1::Shortened finge…
Published	11/13/2023	What is the first step in workup of a patient with sporadic aniridia?{{c1::Chromosomal deletion analysis of 11p13}}
Published	11/13/2023	What characterics of vitreous biopsy support diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma? (1 by 1){{c1::Cytological ID of lymphoma cells::gold standard}…
Published	11/13/2023	Phacoantigenic glaucoma {{c1::has}}(lacks/has) keratic precipitates, has a(n) {{c1::open}}open/closed angle, and {{c1::violated}}(intact/violated) len…
Published	11/13/2023	Juvenile open-angle glaucoma is associated with mutations of the {{c1::myocilin (MYOC)}} gene at the GLC1A locus in 36% of cases
Published	11/13/2023	How does birdshot uveitis usually respond to steroids?{{c1::Incompletely responsive, and may require early use of immunomodulatory therapy}}
Published	11/13/2023	Which eye (lighter or darker) is the involved eye in Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis?{{c1::Usually the lighter eye, but it might be the darker eye if the…
Published	11/13/2023	Which white dot syndrome has a fine granularity around the fovea?{{c1::multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)}}
Published	11/13/2023	In what age group is brimonidine contraindicated?{{c1::Age < 2}}
Published	11/13/2023	How does the horizontal diameter of the cornea relate to prognosis in infants with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?{{c1::>14 mm is worse prognosi…
Published	11/13/2023	What kind of visual deficit is seen in pts with optic nerve head drusen?{{c1::Slowly progressive nasal visual field defects respecting the horizontal …
Published	11/13/2023	At what age does Stargardt disease typically start to present?{{c1::8-15 years of age}}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Norrie}} disease is a hereditary vitreoretinopathy due to a mutation in the {{c2::NDP}} gene.
Published	11/13/2023	What is the inheritance pattern of Norrie disease?{{c1::XLR}}
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Norrie disease}} is a hereditary vitreoretinopathy that presents with globular severely dystrophic retina associated with {{c2::mental retardati…
Published	11/13/2023	What conditions are associated with combined hemartoma of the retina and RPE?{{c1::NF1 and 2}}{{c1::Incontinentia pigmenti}}{{c1::X-linked retinoschis…
Published	11/13/2023	How can ocular ischemic syndrome cause high IOP? (3 ways){{c1::Hemorrhage in the AC or vitreous, angle closure from neovascularization of the angle, a…
Published	11/13/2023	What is the most common retinal finding of NF2?{{c1::ERMs}} OR{{c1::Combined hamartomas of the retina and RPE}}
Published	11/13/2023	What's Terrien's marginal degeneration?{{c1::A corneal condition that you get a bunch of T's with:Thinning of the corneaTop (starts superiorly)Thirtie…
Published	11/13/2023	{{c1::Hudson-Stahli}} lines are horizontal iron lines found at the {{c2::tear meniscus}} and are commonly seen in the {{c2::elderly}}
Published	11/13/2023	Which bacteria is associated with chronic angular blepharoconjunctivitis (occurring at the lateral canthal angle)?{{c1::Moraxella lacunata}}
Published	11/13/2023	What organisms is acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by?{{c1::Enterovirus type 70 and Coxsckievirus A24}}
Published	11/13/2023	The main features of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome are {{c1::corectopia, iris atrophy, and beaten bronze appearance of the corneal endotheli…
Published	11/13/2023	What type of gonioscopy lens is shown below?{{c1::Posner}}
Published	11/13/2023	What is the vascular supply to the retrolaminar portion of the optic nerve head?Primary: {{c1::Pial vessels and short posterior ciliary vessels::2}}Se…
Published	11/13/2023	What sign of Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis (uveitis) is shown below during a cataract surgery?{{c1::Amsler sign}}
Published	11/13/2023	One gene associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) found on locus {{c1::GLC1E}} is {{c1::OPTN}}.
Published	11/13/2023	In the EMGT (Early Manifest Glaucoma) trial, {{c1::thin central corneal thickness::corneal finding}} was a risk factor in primary open angle glaucoma …
Published	11/13/2023	Juvenile OAG is associated with the gene {{c1::TIGR/MYOC}} located on locus {{c1::GLC1A}}
Published	11/13/2023	How does the timing of the diagnosis of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) affect the visual prognosis?Best: {{c1::between 3 and 12 months}}Worse: {{c1…
Published	11/13/2023	What culture media is preferred for culturing Mycobacteria and Nocardia?{{c1::Lowenstein-Jensen}}
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