Notes in Pharm 111 Exam 3

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Published	10/02/2023	describe the oxygen saturation levels in the lungs, tissues at rest, and tissues during exerciseIn the lungs- there is a {{c1::near 100%}} saturation …
Published	10/02/2023	arrestin aids in {{c1::receptor desensitization}} and also forms {{c2::signaling platforms}}.
Published	10/02/2023	changes in {{c1::CO2}} is the biggest regulator of ventilatory rate
Published	10/02/2023	describe alveoli
Published	10/02/2023	describe bronchioles
Published	10/02/2023	describe hemoglobin and why it binds to oxygen easily
Published	10/02/2023	describe terminal bronchioles
Published	10/02/2023	describe the arteriolar alveolar capillary gradient- {{c1::deoxygenated blood coming from the heart goes to the lungs}}- {{c2::there is gas exchange d…
Published	10/02/2023	describe the arteriolar tissue capillary gradients
Published	10/02/2023	describe the conducting airway
Published	10/02/2023	describe the lobes and segments of the lung aka the structure of the lungs
Published	10/02/2023	describe the oxygen saturation levels in the lungs, tissues at rest, and tissues during exerciseIn the lungs- there is a {{c1::near 100%}} saturation …
Published	10/02/2023	describe the respiratory membrane structure and function
Published	10/02/2023	describe the role of Type 1 pneumocytes
Published	10/02/2023	describe the steps of gas exchange in the lungs {{c1::1) In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from RBCs and plasma into the alveoli (due to concentration g…
Published	10/02/2023	describe the venous tissue capillary gradients
Published	10/02/2023	describe venous alveolar capillary gradients{{c1::- the alveoli and blood have an equilibrium in the veins }}{{c2::- this is because the exchange…
Published	10/02/2023	describe what happens in infant respiratory distress syndrome
Published	10/02/2023	describe what happens when the lung collapses (like if you get stabbed)
Published	10/02/2023	describe what humidified air is and its gaseous contents
Published	10/02/2023	each lung is contained within a {{c1::pleural cavity}} and separated from one another by the {{c2::mediastinum}}
Published	10/02/2023	explain balanced vs. unbalanced agonism when it comes to ligand activated GPCRs coupling differentially to G protein pathways and GRK/Arrestin pathway…
Published	10/02/2023	explain how protein kinase A is activated or deactivated using G protein coupled receptors and second messengers {{c1::1) epinephrine (the first …
Published	10/02/2023	explain how the calcium store of the ER gets replenished{{c1::1) there is calcium in the lumen of the ER (calcium store)}}{{c2::2) as calcium is relea…
Published	10/02/2023	explain how the thickness of the respiratory membrane affect gas exchange
Published	10/02/2023	explain the activation and inactivation of RasRas is a {{c1::small G protein.}}When Ras is bound to {{c6::GDP}}, it is in its {{c2::inactive state.&nb…
Published	10/02/2023	explain the desensitization of β Adrenergic Receptor by arrestin activated by Epinephrinearrestin can allow for GPCR desensitization by {{c1::rem…
Published	10/02/2023	explain the different G protein (Gi, Gq, Gs) pathways
Published	10/02/2023	explain the gas exchange factors that affect the respiratory membrane and efficient gas exchange
Published	10/02/2023	explain the general pathway of how a biological response is created from a signal via GPCR (g protein coupled receptor) signaling{{c1::1) a ligand bin…
Published	10/02/2023	explain the general receptor tyrosine kinase pathway- receptor tyrosine kinase is a receptor that is also a {{c1::kinase}} in that it can perform {{c2…
Published	10/02/2023	explain the insulin receptor signaling pathway{{c1::1) insulin (a growth factor) binds to the tyrosine kinase receptor}}{{c2::2) the receptor undergoe…
Published	10/02/2023	explain the nuclear receptor pathway of a hormone{{c1::1) the hormone is carried to the target tissue bound to a serum binding protein (because hormon…
Published	10/02/2023	Explain the map kinase (MAPK) pathway
Published	10/02/2023	explain the steps of gas exchange in tissues{{c1::1) In tissues, CO2 diffuses into the plasma and into red blood cells. Some CO2 remains in the plasma…
Published	10/02/2023	explain the structure and function of the structure that make up the trachea
Published	10/02/2023	explain the tracheobronchial tree: how the tree branches and what the tree is made of
Published	10/02/2023	explain why screening for an opioid receptor ligand is biased for the G protein pathway
Published	10/02/2023	explain why the steroid receptor pathway is unique
Published	10/02/2023	give a general overview of how is carbon dioxide converted to bicarbonate and transported
Published	10/02/2023	give an example of nuclear receptor in pharmacology
Published	10/02/2023	give examples of biased agonism in regards to drug action
Published	10/02/2023	GPCRs can cause cancer because
Published	10/02/2023	how are GPCRs regulated
Published	10/02/2023	how do GPCRs become deactivated{{c1::1) a ligand binds to receptor to activate the G protein}} {{c2::2) GEF allows the alpha subunit dissociates}…
Published	10/02/2023	how do pre and post synaptic GPCRs (Gi, Gq, and Gs) modulate neurotransmitter actionsGi{{c1::Ligand binds to GPCR}} → {{c2::Gi increases}}&n…
Published	10/02/2023	how do the muscle of ventilation aid in inspiration{{c1::the diaphragm contracts (lowers) }}{{c2::external intercostals contract}}{{c3::abdominal…
Published	10/02/2023	how do the muscles of ventilation aid in expiration (exhalation) for both quiet breathing and forced expiration? During quiet breathing, expirati…
Published	10/02/2023	how does arrestin form a signaling platform{{c1::1) when an agonist binds to the GPCR, the g protein alpha subunit dissociates and leaves}}{{c2::2) th…
Published	10/02/2023	how does arrestin aid in GPCR desensitization
Published	10/02/2023	how does surface area affect efficient gas exchange
Published	10/02/2023	how does the ANS (autonomic nervous system) modulate breathing
Published	10/02/2023	how does the body detect hyper and hypo capnia
Published	10/02/2023	how is carbon dioxide transported
Published	10/02/2023	how is oxygen transported
Published	10/02/2023	how is the alpha subunit activated
Published	10/02/2023	how many subunits does a G protein have
Published	10/02/2023	ligand activated GPCRs couple differentially to G protein pathways & GRK/Arrestin pathways. this leads to {{c1::balanced}} and {{c1::unbalanced}} …
Published	10/02/2023	other than the MRC and the pontine respiratory group, what other regulatory mechanisms are there for breathing{{c1::1) Higher centers of the brain con…
Published	10/02/2023	Ras is a {{c1::small G protein }}.
Published	10/02/2023	screening for opioid receptor ligands is biased for the {{c1::G protein}} pathway
Published	10/02/2023	the alveolar epithelium is made up of {{c1::type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes}}
Published	10/02/2023	the left lung has {{c1::two lobes}} and the right lung has {{c1::three lobes}} that are each separated into {{c2::bronchopulmonary segments}}. The rig…
Published	10/02/2023	the increased respiratory rate associated with the movement of extremity musculature is controlled by which structure?a. atrial arch chemore…
Published	10/02/2023	the opioid receptor (MOR) signalosome is diverse because...
Published	10/02/2023	the pleural cavities are lined with {{c1::serous membranes}}
Published	10/02/2023	tyrosine kinase linked receptors are majorly involved in {{c1::growth responses}}. The ligands for these receptors are {{c2::peptide growth factor fam…
Published	10/02/2023	what are examples of some agents that can signal via nuclear receptors
Published	10/02/2023	what are Hering-Breuer Reflexes
Published	10/02/2023	what are the muscles involved in ventilation
Published	10/02/2023	what causes a left shift in the O2-Hb dissociation curve in the lungs
Published	10/02/2023	what causes a right shift in the O2-Hb (oxygen - hemoglobin) curve in tissues
Published	10/02/2023	what controls the activation and inactivation of the G protein
Published	10/02/2023	what does cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin mean
Published	10/02/2023	what is a carbaminohemoglobin
Published	10/02/2023	what is expiratory reserve volume
Published	10/02/2023	what is functional residual capacity
Published	10/02/2023	what is Gi
Published	10/02/2023	what is Gq
Published	10/02/2023	what is Gs
Published	10/02/2023	what is inspiratory capacity
Published	10/02/2023	what is partial pressure
Published	10/02/2023	the pleural cavities are lined with {{c1::serous membranes}}
Published	10/02/2023	what is alveolar air and its gaseous contentalveolar air is {{c1::air that is in the alveolus as gas exchange is occuringbecause there is gas exchange…
Published	10/02/2023	what is expired air and its gaseous contentsexpired air is the {{c1::air that you are breathing out}}the expired air is a {{c2::mixture}} because when…
Published	10/02/2023	what makes up the respiratory membrane{{c1::- alveolar fluid (note -- if there is an increase in fluid by disease like COVID then there is less effici…
Published	10/02/2023	{{c1::23}}% of carbon diozide is transported bound to hemoglobin, {{c1::70}}% is transported in the blood or RBC as bicarbonate, {{c1::7}}% is dissolv…
Published	10/02/2023	{{c1::98.5}}% of the oxygen is transported via hemoglobin and {{c1::1.5}}% of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma
Published	10/02/2023	{{c1::hypercapnia}} is when you have high levels CO2 in the blood
Published	10/02/2023	why is the oxygen content lower as blood is carried to the heart
Published	10/02/2023	why is damage to the brain stem lethal in regards to respiratory control
Published	10/02/2023	why are tyrosine kinases oncogenes
Published	10/02/2023	what structures compose the upper and lower respiratory tracts and what structure separates them
Published	10/02/2023	what pathological conditions can decrease the surface area of alveoli, causing less efficient gas exchange
Published	10/02/2023	what pathological conditions affects the thickness of the respiratory membrane
Published	10/02/2023	what neural structures control ventilation
Published	10/02/2023	what is ventilation
Published	10/02/2023	what is tidal volume
Published	10/02/2023	what is the vital capacity
Published	10/02/2023	what is the visceral pleura
Published	10/02/2023	what is the total lung capacity
Published	10/02/2023	what is the role of type 2 pneumocytes
Published	10/02/2023	what is the role of the Pontine Respiratory Group
Published	10/02/2023	what is the role of the Dorsal & Ventral respiratory groups form Medullary Respiratory Center (MRC)
Published	10/02/2023	what is the role of the beta and gamma G protein subunits
Published	10/02/2023	what is the parietal pleura
Published	10/02/2023	what is the inspiratory reserve volume
Published	10/02/2023	what is the importance of the pleural space
Published	10/02/2023	what is the haldane effect
Published	10/02/2023	what is the full name for a G protein
Published	10/02/2023	what is the calcium store
Published	10/02/2023	what is spirometry
Published	10/02/2023	what is rhythmic ventilation
Published	10/02/2023	what is respiration
Published	10/02/2023	what is residual volume
Published	10/02/2023	what is pulmonary respiration and systemic respiration
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