Notes in Pharm 221

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Published	02/13/2024	Independent vs. Dependent/RelatedGroups can be either independent or relatedIndependent◦ Values in one group {{c1::do not affect}} the value…
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Published	02/13/2024	Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests{{c5::PARAMETRIC}}Usually analyze {{c1::continuous}} dataAssume {{c1::underlying distributions (e.g. the …
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Published	02/13/2024	X2 and Fisher’s exactThese tests compared {{c1::the expected frequency}} vs. {{c1::the observed frequency of results}} to determin…
Published	02/13/2024	Logistic RegressionGoal is to estimate the relationship between {{c1::the study variables and a two or more possible outcomes}}Frequently used in real…
Published	02/13/2024	Nominal Data Test ExampleYou would like to study 6-month mortality for geriatric patients who experienced a hip fracture while on the drug alendronate…
Published	02/13/2024	What if...?You realize that all 150 patients on alendronate were diagnosed with osteoporosis, but only 5 of the 100 patients not on any medications we…
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Published	02/13/2024	Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Signed Rank Tests{{c4::Wilcoxon tests}} should be used for◦ {{c1::Ordinal data}}◦ CAN be used for {{c1::continuous data WITH NON…
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Published	02/13/2024	Student T-testsUsed when comparin{{c1::g the means of two groups}}The groups are assumed to have {{c1::a normal distribution}}Student t-test◦ Use…
Published	02/13/2024	Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)ANOVA tests allow comparisons for {{c1::two or more groups}}ANOVA tests perform best if {{c1::the groups are of approximat…
Published	02/13/2024	Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)ANCOVAs are factorial ANOVAs that allow for {{c1::at least one confounding factor in your experiment}}◦ Variations…
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Published	02/13/2024	Frequency TablesCan be used for {{c1::nominal, ordinal, and (rarely) continuous}} dataLists categories in one column and frequency (counts) in another…
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Published	02/13/2024	Experimental SettingExperimental◦ Studies where the investigators make an {{c1::intervention and study the effects of said intervention}}◦ {{c1::…
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Published	02/13/2024	Research Designs HighlightsExperimental Studies◦ Involves {{c1::some form of intervention}}◦ {{c1::Does not require a}} control groupRandomi…
Published	02/13/2024	Research Design HighlightsRCTs have two main designsParallel◦ Aka {{c1::concurrent controls}} or {{c1::independent concurrent controls}}◦ There is a t…
Published	02/13/2024	Research Design HighlightsCohort Studies◦ Study looks at {{c1::risk factors and follows individuals with and without those risk factors through t…
Published	02/13/2024	Research Design HighlightsCross-Sectional Study◦ Looks at {{c1::one point in time}} during a patient’s care (e.g. at discharge from the hosp…
Published	02/13/2024	Time OrientationProspective◦ Researcher collects data {{c1::after the study onset by following individuals over a period of time}}◦ Pros: {{…
Published	02/13/2024	What's the difference?
Published	02/13/2024	RCTs and Why We Care{{c2::Randomized Controlled Trials}}◦ Gold standard◦ {{c1::Strength of evidence}} for patient care◦ {{c1::Multiple designs}} allow…
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Published	02/13/2024	Types of Study DesignDifferent study designs are used to◦ Decrease {{c1::variables/biases/confounding}}◦ Decrease {{c1::number of patients n…
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Published	02/13/2024	ParallelExamples2SI◦ Placebo-controlled: {{c1::Patients with HTN are randomized into lisinopril and placebo groups to see if their BP decreases a…
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Published	02/13/2024	CrossoverRelated groups◦ {{c1::Repeated measures type}}◦ I.e. an individual subject is repeatedly measured to provide {{c1::both control and…
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Published	02/13/2024	CrossoverCarryover effect◦ Outcomes/effects that {{c1::remain after the previous treatment phase is completed}}◦ Can be due to{{c1::long t½ of th…
Published	02/13/2024	CrossoverExamples2SR◦ Placebo-controlled: Patients are {{c1::randomized to receive lisinopril and then placebo}} OR {{c1::placebo and t…
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Published	02/13/2024	Pre-PostExamples◦ 2SR◦ Patients are measured {{c1::before (as controls) and after being treated with lisinopril to see the effect of the medication …
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