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Published	12/28/2023	Why does cleft palate occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What syndrome presents with a triad of recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Cold sores are typically a result of HSV-1 laying dormant in what location?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two major risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the etiological and anatomical differences in presentation between leukoplakia and oral hairy leukoplakia?
Published	12/28/2023	Between erythroplakia and leukoplakia, which is more strongly suggestive of malignant/premalignant squamous cell dysplasia?
Published	12/28/2023	What are four potential clinical features of mumps infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common benign tumor of the salivary glands? What is its composition?
Published	12/28/2023	A patient has had a parotid mass for many years. He presents to clinic with recent-onset of facial nerve palsy symptoms. What is the most likely expla…
Published	12/28/2023	What is the second most common benign tumor of the salivary gland? What might one see on histology?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands? What is its composition? Where does it typically arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common variant of tracheoesophageal fistula?
Published	12/28/2023	How will an infant with tracheoesophageal fistula (specifically, proximal atresia with distal fistula) present?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic triad of Plummer Vinson syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	Where does a Zenker diverticulum typically arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Mallory-Weiss syndrome? What causes it?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Boerhaave syndrome? What predisposes towards its development?
Published	12/28/2023	Between Mallory-Weiss syndrome and esophageal varices, which  presents with painful hematemesis and which presents with painless hematemesis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of death in patients with severe liver cirrhosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the etiology of achalasia?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 clinical signs of achalasia?
Published	12/28/2023	In contrast to Barrett esophagus, which predisposes towards the development of _____carcinoma, achalasia and esophageal webs predispose one towards de…
Published	12/28/2023	What causes GERD?
Published	12/28/2023	What are six risk factors for GERD?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Barrett esophagus?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common esophageal cancer worldwide? In the west?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the six risk factors for developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the one risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?
Published	12/28/2023	Which regions of the esophagus do squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus arise in, respectively?
Published	12/28/2023	Which lymph nodes will be involved in the instance of a carcinoma of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the esophagus?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the physical and etiological differences between gastroschisis and omphalocele?
Published	12/28/2023	When do symptoms of pyloric stenosis commonly develop? What are these symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference in pathophysiology between a Curling ulcer and a Cushing ulcer? Both of these pathologies are risk factors for what?
Published	12/28/2023	What are six risk factors for acute gastritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of chronic gastritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What antibodies are associated with chronic autoimmune gastritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of hypersensitivity is chronic autoimmune gastritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of malignancy are patients with chronic autoimmune gastritis particularly at risk for?
Published	12/28/2023	What parts of the stomach does chronic autoimmune gastritis typically involve?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common site of an H. pylori-induced gastric ulcer?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common form of gastritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What two malignancies are patients with chronic H. pylori gastritis at greatest risk for?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of duodenal ulcers? What is rare but commonly tested cause of duodenal ulcers?
Published	12/28/2023	How are duodenal and gastric ulcers symptomatically different?
Published	12/28/2023	Besides H. pylori infection, what are two other possible causes of gastric ulcer?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of gastric (adeno)carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key differences between intestinal and diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three key risk factors for the development of intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What malignancy can, on rare occassions, present with acanthosis nigricans or Leser-Trelat sign? What is a Leser-Trélat sign?
Published	12/28/2023	To which lymph node can gastric adenocarcinoma commonly spread?
Published	12/28/2023	Gastric carcinoma commonly metastasizes to which three locations? Which subtypes (intestinal/diffuse) are associated with each location?
Published	12/28/2023	Duodenal atresia is associated with what chromosomal abnormality?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three key clinical features of duodenal atresia?
Published	12/28/2023	Meckel and Zenker diverticula: which is "true" and which is "false"? What is the difference between true and false diverticula?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the "rule of 2" pertaining to Meckel Diverticulum:
Published	12/28/2023	What presents with a "coffee bean" sign on x-ray?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common location for volvulus formation in an elderly patient? A young adult?
Published	12/28/2023	What is intussusception? What are the common causes of intussception in children and adults?
Published	12/28/2023	Specifically, what are the classic antibodies found in Celiac disease (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	What condition is dermatitis herpetiformis associated with? What causes it?
Published	12/28/2023	What does the duodenal biopsy look like in a patient with Celiac disease (3 features)?
Published	12/28/2023	What should be on your differential diagnosis in a patient with refractory (unresponsive to dietary control) Celiac disease (2)?
Published	12/28/2023	Which vitamin deficiencies can result from Tropical Sprue? Why?
Published	12/28/2023	What organism causes Whipple disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common site of carcinoid tumor in the GI tract?
Published	12/28/2023	What is commonly secreted by a carcinoid tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	What must happen before symptoms of carcinoid syndrome manifest?
Published	12/28/2023	Why doesn’t a patient with carcinoid syndrome get left-sided valvular lesions?
Published	12/28/2023	What is carcinoid heart disease? Specifically how are the valves involved?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the wall involvement in Ulcerative Colitis vs Crohn Disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the anatomical differences between the location of ulcerative colitis vs Crohn disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key histological findings of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What disease presents with a "lead pipe" sign on imaging? What causes this?
Published	12/28/2023	What disease presents with a "string-sign" on imaging? What causes this appearance?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two high yield complications associated with UC?
Published	12/28/2023	What three diseases are positive for p-ANCA?
Published	12/28/2023	In relation to IBD: is smoking a risk factor for both types?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the symptoms of UC vs CD (pain localization, stool quality)?
Published	12/28/2023	The development of "cobblestone mucosa" is characteristic of which form of IBD? What is the pathophysiology behind its development?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the extraintestinal associations of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Which type of IBD increases the risk of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis?
Published	12/28/2023	What syndrome is Hirschsprung disease associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	Why does Hirschsprung disease occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of biopsy is needed to prove that the patient has Hirschprung's disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Where is the most common location of a colonic diverticulum? What anatomical feature assists its development?
Published	12/28/2023	What three high-yield complications are associated with colonic diverticula?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of ischemic colitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 most common types of colonic polyp? Which might progress to cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the molecular progression from normal colonic mucosa to carcinoma:
Published	12/28/2023	Why does taking aspirin confer protection against the development of colon cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What hereditary disease is characterized by an inherited mutation in one copy of the APC gene?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Turcot syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Peutz-Jegher's syndrome? Which 4 cancers are these patients at higher risk for?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 types of cancer that patients with HNPCC are at risk for?
Published	12/28/2023	What is HNPCC? Inheritance pattern?
Published	12/28/2023	The right and left sides of the colon are associated with which cancer pathways?
Published	12/28/2023	What tumor marker is associated with colorectal cancer? How is this marker utilized in screening?
Published	12/28/2023	Risk for an adenomatous polyp to undergo malignant transformation is assessed by which three histological properties?
Published	12/28/2023	Left-sided colorectal carcinomas usually present with what four clinical features?
Published	12/28/2023	How does infection with Tropheryma whippelii result in tissue damage? Where are the most common sites of tissue damage?
Published	12/28/2023	This histology slide is characteristic of what infectious pathology? Though this slide is a standard H&E, what other stain can be used to vis…
Published	12/28/2023	Why is the rate of recurrence so high for pleiomorphic adenoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What structure does a mucoepidermoid carcinoma typically involve?
Published	12/28/2023	GERD is a metaplastic process: what type of epithelium does the esophagus normally possess? What type of epithelium does it transofrm into?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a sliding hiatal hernia?
Published	12/28/2023	Sliding hiatal hernias present with what classic imaging sign?
Published	12/28/2023	Paraesophageal stomach hernias are associated with what physical exam finding? When it occurs in a neonate, what is a possible consequence?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 clinical features of GERD?
Published	12/28/2023	Esophageal carcinoma typically presents early or late? What is the prognosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What three clinical symptoms are both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus associated with? What two clinical symptoms are part…
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 levels of severity of gastric wall irritation?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 important clinical features of chronic autoimmune gastritis?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the histological changes one will see in chronic autoimmune gastritis-induced intestinal metaplasia:
Published	12/28/2023	What 2 virulence factors does H. pylori produce?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic histologic feature of duodenal ulcers?
Published	12/28/2023	Duodenal ulcers most commonly occur on the anterior wall of the duodenem. However, in some instances, they occur on the posterior wall. These ulcers a…
Published	12/28/2023	Rupture of a gastric ulcer can lead to what complication?
Published	12/28/2023	Are duodenal ulcers predisposed towards malignancy?
Published	12/28/2023	Is this ulcer benign or malignant? What morphological features inform your opinion?
Published	12/28/2023	Is this ulcer benign or malignant? What morphological characteristic inform your opinion?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes duodenal atresia?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes Meckel diverticulum?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes a volvulus?
Published	12/28/2023	Emboli in which two locations are typically associated with transmural infarction of the small bowel? What are some underlying causes of these thrombo…
Published	12/28/2023	What type of small bowel infarction does not involve an embolus or thrombus?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the three key clinical features of small bowel infarction?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two common presenting symptoms of lactose intolerance?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two ways in which patients can acquire a lactase deficiency?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the general pathophysiology of celiac disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What HLA types is the development of celiac associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most pathogenic (antigenic) component of gluten? How is it processed and presented?
Published	12/28/2023	Anatomically speaking, where is damage caused by Celiac most prominent?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the cause of tropical sprue?
Published	12/28/2023	In what geographical region does tropical sprue occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathophysiology of fat malabsorption in Whipple's disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What is abetalipoproteinemia?
Published	12/28/2023	What roles do B-48 and B-100 play in fat absorption?
Published	12/28/2023	What simple screen is highly suggestive of carcinoid tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic triad of carcinoid syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	An acute episode of carcinoid syndrome can be triggered by what two factors?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of appendicitis in children? Adults?
Published	12/28/2023	Guarding and rebound tenderness are signs of what complication in the setting of potential appendicitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a common complication of appendicitis (other than rupture)?
Published	12/28/2023	Epidemiology of IBD (typical patient)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the pathophysiology behind stricture development in Crohn Disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 potential complications of Crohn Disease (besides stricture formation)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two ganglionic layers of the intestine and where are they found?
Published	12/28/2023	What two areas of the colon are most affected by Hirschprung's Disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the usual presenting symptoms of Hirschprung's disease (4)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for Hirshsprung Disease?
Published	12/28/2023	Is a colonic diverticulum a true or false diverticulum?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes colonic diverticula?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common anatomical location of of ischemic damage to the colon?
Published	12/28/2023	How does ischemic colitis typically present (3 symptoms)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is angiodysplasia? Where does it typically arise? What is the presenting symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	Anatomically, where do angiodysplasia and diverticula commonly arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What is hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Published	12/28/2023	What would you likely see on colonic biopsy of a patient with irritable bowel syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	Who is typically affected with irritable bowel syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	How are colonic polyps screened for?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Gardner syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a juvenile polyp?
Published	12/28/2023	What is juvenile polyposis?
Published	12/28/2023	Right-sided colorectal carcinomas typically present with what three clinical features?
Published	12/28/2023	How do we approach iron deficiency anemia in an older adult?
Published	12/28/2023	S. bovis  endocarditis is associated with what malignant pathology?
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