Notes in SK EBM Deck

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Stages of Heart Failure{{c1::Stage A::HF Stage}} is characterized by {{c2:: patients at risk for HF but without prior or current signs/symptom…
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Stages of Heart Failure{{c1::Stage B::HF Stage}} is characterized by {{c2:: patients without current or previous signs or symptoms::Type of pa…
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Stages of Heart Failure{{c1::Stage C::HF Stage}} is characterized by {{c2:: patients with current or previous signs or symptoms of HF::Type of…
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Stages of Heart Failure{{c1::Stage D::HF Stage}} is characterized by {{c2:: patients with marked symptoms that interfere with daily life and r…
Published	07/28/2024	In patients hospitalized for HF, what is the level of evidence for measurement of proBNP at admission?{{c1:: Class IA}}
Published	07/28/2024	In patients hospitalized for HF, what is the level of evidence for measurement of proBNP at discharge?{{c1:: 2a}}
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::REDHOT Trial::2004 study}} showed that {{c2::pro-BNP::lab value}} could be used diagnose and prognosticate HF.
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::OPTIMIZE-HF::study}} used Medicare claims data to show that {{c2::discharge pro-BNP::lab value}} could predict 1-year mortality and re-hospi…
Published	07/28/2024	Non-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (2005)
Published	07/28/2024	Patient-blinded randomized clinical trial (2011)
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed that in patients with type II diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, SGLTi could reduce various outcomes of cardiovascular…
Published	07/28/2024	In Stage B HF, evidence for GDMT largely applies to {{c1::HFrEF::Type of HF}}.
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (1991)
Published	07/28/2024	For Stage B HFrEF, the following classes of medications are supported by ACC/AHA guidelines:-{{c1::ACEi/ARB::class}}-{{c2::BB::class}}Note that {{c3::…
Published	07/28/2024	Sodium restriction is a {{c1::Class 2a::class}} indication in Stage C HF; the quality of evidence is {{c2::limited}}.
Published	07/28/2024	Double blinded randomized clinical trial (2014)
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed that in patients with Class C HFrEF, BB can reduce mortality and hospitalizations:-{{c1::Bisoprolol::Drug}}: {{c2::CIBIS-I…
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed that in patients with Class C HFrEF, MRA can reduce mortality and hospitalizations:-{{c1::Spironolactone::Drug}}: {{c2::RA…
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed that in patients with Class C HFrEF, SGLTi can reduce cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization REGARDLESS of type II di…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Hydralazine and ISDN::Two medications}} may provide mortality benefit for African Americans with NYHA Class III-IV and on optimal GDMT based on …
Published	07/28/2024	Open-label randomized controlled trial (2023)
Published	07/28/2024	The following alternative therapies may be used for patients with Stage C HFrEF already on optimal GDMT:-{{c1::SHIFT::2010 Trial}}: {{c2::Ivabridine::…
Published	07/28/2024	For patients with nonischemic DCM or ischemic disease at least 40 days post-MI with LVEF {{c1::≤35%::EF}} and NYHA {{c2::class II or III::NYHA Class}}…
Published	07/28/2024	For patients at least 40 days post-MI with LVEF {{c1::≤30%::EF}} and NYHA {{c2::class I::NYHA Class}} symptoms on GDMT, with expectation of survival &…
Published	07/28/2024	For patients with LVEF {{c1::≤35%::EF}} in sinus rhythm, {{c2::LBBB w/ QRS ≥ 150 ms::electrical abnormality}} and NYHA {{c3::class II-IV::NYHA Class}}…
Published	07/28/2024	The only class of 4-pillar GDMT with a class 2a indication for HFmrEF (EF 41-49%) is {{c1::SGTLi::drug class}}.
Published	07/28/2024	Open label randomized controlled trial (2019)
Published	07/28/2024	The following medication classes have Class 2b indications for Class C HFpEF:-{{c1::MRAs::Medication class}}, based on {{c2::TOPCAT::2015 Trial}}-{{c3…
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed that in patients with Class C HFpEF, SGLTi can reduce cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization REGARDLESS of type II di…
Published	07/28/2024	Fluid restriction in HF {{c1::does not::does/does not}} lead to reduced hospitalization or mortality rates.
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2009)
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Classification of Atrial Fibrillation{{c1::3A: Paroxysmal AF::AF Stage}} is {{c2::intermittent::characteristic}} and terminates within {{c3::≤…
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Classification of Atrial Fibrillation{{c1::3B: Persistent AF::AF Stage}} is {{c2::continuous::characteristic}} and sustains for {{c3::>7d::…
Published	07/28/2024	ACC/AHA Classification of Atrial Fibrillation{{c1::3C: Long-standing persistent AF::AF Stage}} is {{c2::continuous::characteristic}} and sustains for …
Published	07/28/2024	The terminology "valvular AF" historically referred to AF specifically associated with {{c1::mitral stenosis::valve disease}} or {{c2::prosthetic hear…
Published	07/28/2024	Per the USPSTF, for asymptomatic adults 50 years or older, the current evidence is {{c1::insufficient::sufficient/insufficient}} to determine benefits…
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::CHA2DS2-VASc score::risk score}} is the most validated score for stroke risk in AF, though the newer {{c2::ATRIA::risk score that accounts f…
Published	07/28/2024	For patients with AF and an estimated annual thromboembolic risk of ≥2% per year (eg, CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥2 in men and ≥3 in women), selection of t…
Published	07/28/2024	For patients with AF and an estimated annual thromboembolic risk of {{c1::≥2%::risk percent}} per year (eg, CHA2DS2-VASc score of {{c1::≥2::score}} in…
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed the superiority/noninferiority of DOACs over warfarin in AF without severe rheumatic MS or a mechanical heart valve:{{c1::…
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed the superiority of anticoagulation over antiplatelet therapy for stroke prevention in AF:{{c1::ACTIVE W Trial::2006 RCT}} …
Published	07/28/2024	The INR goal for patients with AF receiving warfarin is {{c1::2-3::INR target}}.
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Dabigatran::DOAC}} should be dose adjusted for {{c2::CrCl < 30 mL/min::renal function}}, while {{c3::Rivaroxaban::DOAC}} and {{c3::Edoxaban::…
Published	07/28/2024	Apixaban should be dose adjusted if any 2 of the following 3 criteria are met:Age ≥ {{c1::80y::age}}Body weight ≤ {{c2::60kg::weight}}Serum Cr ≥ {{c3:…
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (2018)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized control trial (2023)
Published	07/28/2024	Unblinded randomized controlled trial (2014)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized control trial (2015)
Published	07/28/2024	Per ACC/AHA guidelines, in patients with AF on DOAC that has been interrupted for an invasive procedure, AC can be resumed {{c1::the day after::timing…
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2011)
Published	07/28/2024	Crackles have {{c1::poor:: sensitivity}} sensitivity and {{c2::poor:: specificity}} specificity in chronic heart failure.
Published	07/28/2024	The following physical exam signs are accurate signs of both elevated left heart filling pressures and low ejection fraction:{{c1::Displaced apical im…
Published	07/28/2024	Open-label randomized controlled trial (2024)
Published	07/28/2024	Patients with acute MI and subsequent EF {{c1::≤40%::LVEF}} should receive beta blockers, based on the {{c2::CAPRICORN::2001 Trial}} Trial, while pati…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::BEST::2001 Trial}} showed that {{c2::bucindolol::nonselective beta blocker}} does not improve mortality in patients with NYHA III or IV HFrEF (E…
Published	07/28/2024	Optimally, the JVP should be examined on the veins of the {{c1::right::[left/right]}} neck because these veins have a direct route to the heart.It is …
Published	07/28/2024	JVD is an {{c1::accurate::[accurate/inaccurate]}} estimate of central venous pressure.
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized control trial (2022)
Published	07/28/2024	The physical exam finding with the highest specificity and positive likelihood ratio for anemia (Hgb < 11) is {{c1::conjunctival rim pallor::p…
Published	07/28/2024	Non-blinded randomized controllled trial (1999)
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Displaced apical impulse::This physical exam finding}} is associated with:{{c2::Cardiomegaly on chest radiograph::LR 3.4}}{{c3::Reduced EF::LR 1…
Published	07/28/2024	An abnormal apical impulse is best defined as lateral to {{c1::the midclavicular line::anatomic position}}.
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2023)
Published	07/28/2024	In {{c1::alcoholic hepatitis::hepatic disease}}, {{c2::prednisolone::therapy}} trends to mortality benefit at 28-days (though not at 90 days or 1 year…
Published	07/28/2024	In {{c1::non-acetaminophen acute liver failure::hepatic disease}}, NAC improves {{c2::transplant-free survival::outcome}} at three weeks, limited to p…
Published	07/28/2024	Beta blockers in cirrhosis:Secondary prevention: In patients with esophageal varices and no history of bleeding, non-selective beta blockade prevented…
Published	07/28/2024	Beta blockers in cirrhosis:Primary prevention: In unselected patients with cirrhosis, nonselective beta-blockade does not prevent variceal formation (…
Published	07/28/2024	Retrospective analysis (2014)
Published	07/28/2024	Primary prevention of CVDPer ACC/AHA guidelines, the following patient groups should be started on a primary prevention statin:{{c1::LDL-C ≥ 190::No r…
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized control trial (1995)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized control trial (2004)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (2018)
Published	07/28/2024	Secondary prevention of CVDThe first-line therapy for lipid management in patients with chronic coronary disease is {{c1::high-intensity statin::thera…
Published	07/28/2024	Secondary prevention of CVDFor patients on high-intensity (or maximally tolerated statin) with LDL ≥ 70 mg/dL, the following secondary therapies are r…
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized control trial (2023)
Published	07/28/2024	GLP-1as for reduction of cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes:{{c1::Liraglutide (Victoza)::Daily injectable}}: {{c2::LEADER::2016 RCT}}{{c3::Semaglutid…
Published	07/28/2024	Double blinded randomized clinical trial (2023)
Published	07/28/2024	Revascularization in Chronic Coronary DiseaseIn general, revascularization in CCD {{c1::does not::does/does not}} improve survival vs medical manageme…
Published	07/28/2024	Revascularization in chronic coronary diseaseIn patients with {{c1::multi-vessel disease::type of coronary disease}} and {{c1::LVEF ≤ 35::cardiac find…
Published	07/28/2024	Revascularization in chronic coronary diseaseIn addition to multi-vessel disease, {{c1::left main disease::type of coronary disease}} should be revasc…
Published	07/28/2024	This pulse tracing shows {{c1::pulsus alternans::pulse}}, which is a sign of {{c2::severe LV dysfunction::clinical finding}} in patients with normal h…
Published	07/28/2024	This pulse tracing shows {{c1::pulsus bisferiens::pulse}}, which is indicative of {{c2::moderate-to-severe AR::clinical finding}}.
Published	07/28/2024	This pulse tracing shows {{c1::pulsus paradoxus::pulse}} and is most commonly seen in {{c2::cardiac tamponade::clinical finding}} and {{c2::acute asth…
Published	07/28/2024	In 2% of patients with cardiac tamponade, pulsus paradoxus is absent. These patients typically have one of the following:{{c1::ASD}}{{c2::severe LV dy…
Published	07/28/2024	Per the AASLD guidelines, what medications should be considered for achieving hemostasis in variceal bleeding?{{c1::vasoactives::class of medications}…
Published	07/28/2024	The AASLD guidelines for acute variceal bleeding lean towards {{c1::ceftriaxone::antibiotic}} for infection prophylaxis.
Published	07/28/2024	Randomized non-blinded controlled trial (2010)
Published	07/28/2024	PPIs in UGI BleedingThe Lau et al. trials (2000 and 2007) support the use of PPIs {{c1::after::before/after}} endoscopy for UGI bleeding, specifically…
Published	07/28/2024	Double blinded randomized controlled trial (2006)
Published	07/28/2024	The following trials showed that in patients with CKD (variably defined but typically eGFR > 25), SGLTi can reduce decline in eGFR, ESRD, or death …
Published	07/28/2024	The following two trials showed the benefits of {{c1::finerenone::non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist}} in patients with CKD and T2DM:…
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2024)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2011)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2017)
Published	07/28/2024	Open-label, randomized controlled trial (2013)
Published	07/28/2024	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial (2009)
Published	07/28/2024	Open-label randomized controlled trial with blinded outcomes (2021)
Status	Last Update	Fields