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Published	10/07/2024	What are the warning signs of a heart attack?A. Chest pain or discomfort such as pressure, squeezing, or fullnessB. Discomfort or pain in one or both …
Published	10/07/2024	You can prevent a heart attack.A. TrueB. False
Published	10/07/2024	What are risk factors for heart disease and heart attack that you can control?A. SmokingB. High blood pressureC. High cholesterolD. All of the above
Published	10/07/2024	What causes a heart attack?A. Too much cholesterol that can clog your arteriesB. A blood clot that blocks blood flow to the heartC. A spasm in an arte…
Published	10/07/2024	What are the risk factors you can't control?A. AgeB. SexC. Family historyD. RaceE. All of the above
Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following veins is the main drainage vessel for the venous blood from the heart?A) Anterior cardiac veinB) Great cardiac veinC) Small car…
Published	10/07/2024	Which artery primarily supplies the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes of the heart?A) Left coronary arteryB) Circumflex arteryC) Right c…
Published	10/07/2024	Which artery is also known as the “widowmaker” due to its association with a high mortality rate when occluded?A) Right marginal arteryB) Left anterio…
Published	10/07/2024	Which coronary artery supplies the lateral and posterior left ventricle in a left-dominant heart?A) Left anterior descending arteryB) Right coronary a…
Published	10/07/2024	If you think you are having a heart attack, you should:A. Drive yourself to the nearest hospitalB. Wait until the pain goes away, then call your docto…
Published	10/06/2024	What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule?A) 1 ATPB) 2 ATPC) 3 ATPD) 4 ATP
Published	10/06/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?A) HexokinaseB) Phosphoglucose isomeraseC) Phosphofructokinase-1D) Pyruvate kinase
Published	10/06/2024	What is the net energy yield from glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA in aerobic conditions?A) 2 ATPB) 7 ATPC) 10 ATPD) 12 ATP
Published	10/06/2024	What are the products of glycolysis?A) 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADHB) 2 lactate, 4 ATP, 2 NADHC) 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 ATP, 2 NADPHD) 2 oxaloacetate, 2 ATP, 2 …
Published	10/06/2024	Which MI marker is more specific? A) Total CK B) Troponin C) Myoglobin D) LDH
Published	10/06/2024	Which one of the following markers reducesblood pressure?A) BNPB) TroponinsC) Creatine kinaseD) MyoglobinE) CK-MB
Published	10/06/2024	Troponins appear in plasma in _____ after MI and remain for _____.A) 3-10 h, 1.5-3 daysB) 4-6 h, 2-3 daysC) 5-12 h, 2-5 daysD) 3-4 h, up to 10 days
Published	10/06/2024	Which type of the following markers is the earliest marker?A) Cardiac troponinsB) CK-MBC) MyoglobinD) BNP
Published	10/06/2024	Anterior infarcts present worse prognosis as compared to other infarct locations. Which of the following does not describe anterior infarcts.A. Tends …
Published	10/06/2024	This type of MI is categorised as coronary artery spasm or embolism, arrhythmia, hypotension?A. Type 1B. Type 2C. Type 3D. Type 4b
Published	10/06/2024	In ECG reading, what could be the reason why STEMI can be mistaken for NSTEMIA. ST segment elevation is subtleB. Pathologic Q wavesC. ST segment depre…
Published	10/06/2024	ECG indicates:A. Idioventricular Rhythm B. Ventricular Tachycardia C. Ventricular Fibrillation D. Asystole
Published	10/06/2024	ECG indicates: A. Sinus Tachycardia B. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) C. Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response D…
Published	10/09/2024	ECG indicates: A. Atrial fibrillationB. Premature ventricular contractions C. 1st degree AV blockD. 2nd degree AV block
Published	10/09/2024	ECG indicates:A. 2nd degree AV blockB. Normal sinus rhythmC. 1st degree AV blockD. 3rd degree AV block
Published	10/09/2024	Which type of infarction tends to have a worse prognosis and is most commonly due to left coronary artery obstruction?A. Inferoposterior infarctionB. …
Published	10/09/2024	Which of the following infarct types is typically associated with abnormal Q waves on ECG and involves the entire thickness of the myocardium?A. Suben…
Published	10/09/2024	Which type of myocardial infarction is associated with ischemia due to a primary coronary event such as a plaque rupture or coronary dissection?A. Typ…
Published	10/09/2024	Case 1A 45-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a routine check-up. Her blood pressure was noted to be 155/90 mmHg on three separate visits over …
Published	10/09/2024	Case 2A 50-year-old man with a 10-year history of hypertension presents to the emergency department with severe headache and blurry vision. His blood …
Published	10/09/2024	Case 1A 62-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia presents to the clinic for a routine follow-up. Her blood pressure has be…
Published	10/09/2024	Case 2A 58-year-old man, a long-term smoker with a 30-pack-year history, comes to the clinic for follow-up. He was noted to have blood pressure readin…
Published	10/09/2024	An 80-year-old patient with severe calcified aortic stenosis undergoes echocardiography that shows left ventricular hypertrophy and a peak transvalvul…
Published	10/09/2024	A patient with severe aortic stenosis is undergoing evaluation for valve replacement surgery. Which symptom would most strongly indicate the need for …
Published	10/09/2024	A 74-year-old female with a history of calcified aortic stenosis reports progressive shortness of breath. Her echocardiogram shows an aortic valve are…
Published	10/09/2024	A 70-year-old man with severe calcified aortic stenosis has been experiencing exertional chest pain. What is the primary cause of this symptom?A) Incr…
Published	10/09/2024	A 75-year-old male patient with known calcified aortic stenosis presents to the clinic with new onset syncope during mild exertion. Which of the follo…
Published	10/09/2024	A 12-year-old boy with a history of recurrent sore throats presents with migratory arthritis and carditis. Which initial step is essential to confirm …
Published	10/09/2024	A 14-year-old girl with rheumatic heart disease develops mitral regurgitation. What is the most likely pathophysiological reason for this valve dysfun…
Published	10/09/2024	A 13-year-old patient with a history of untreated strep throat presents with a low-pitched diastolic murmur best heard at the apex. Which type of murm…
Published	10/09/2024	In senile calcific aortic stenosis, which cellular transformation contributes to valve calcification?A) Myocytes transforming into fibroblastsB) Endot…
Published	10/09/2024	In rheumatic heart disease, which immune mechanism contributes most to the cardiac damage observed?A) Direct bacterial invasion of heart tissueB) Auto…
Published	10/09/2024	What characterizes a diastolic murmur due to aortic regurgitation?A) Low-pitched rumbleB) High-pitched decrescendo murmurC) Harsh systolic murmurD) Ho…
Published	10/09/2024	What is the initial immune response mechanism in rheumatic heart disease?A) Direct bacterial infection of heart tissueB) T-cell and antibody reaction …
Published	10/09/2024	What is the primary function of the aortic valve?A) Prevents backflow into the left atriumB) Controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmo…
Published	10/09/2024	What major structural change occurs in the left ventricle due to chronic aortic stenosis?A) DilatationB) HypertrophyC) FibrosisD) Atrophy
Published	10/09/2024	Which condition is most commonly associated with rheumatic heart disease?A) Mitral valve prolapseB) Aortic stenosisC) Mitral stenosisD) Tricuspid regu…
Published	10/09/2024	Which bacterial infection is most commonly associated with rheumatic heart disease?A) Streptococcus pneumoniaeB) Group A StreptococcusC) Staphylococcu…
Published	10/09/2024	Which of the following heart sounds is associated with the rapid filling phase of the ventricles?A) S1B) S2C) S3D) S4
Published	10/09/2024	Which factor primarily contributes to pulmonary hypertension in chronic mitral stenosis?A) Increased heart rateB) Left ventricular hypertrophyC) right…
Published	10/09/2024	Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular contraction?A) Aortic valveB) Pulmonary valveC) Mitral val…
Published	10/10/2024	The following are determinants of systolic pressure. Which of the following decreases if the systolic pressure increases?A. Stroke volumeB. Heart rate…
Published	10/10/2024	The following statements are correct EXCEPTA. HR and CO are directly proportionalB. TPR and CO are inversely proportionalC. TPR and Vessel diameter ar…
Published	10/10/2024	RAAS is a hormonal regulation of arterial pressure. Which of the following DOES NOT describe RAAS in hypertensionA. ACE inhibitors inhibits the produc…
Published	10/10/2024	Patients experiencing diarrhea are losing fluid. What could be expected of these patients?A. Higher BP due to compensatory mechanismB. Lower BP due to…
Published	10/10/2024	A patient who has atherosclerosis experiences higher blood pressure. What could be the cause of an increase in blood pressure? A. Arteries can’t …
Published	10/10/2024	A patient described that he is experiencing a fast heartbeat and was diagnosed with a tumor at the adrenal gland. What could be expected blood pressur…
Published	10/10/2024	People in higher altitudes experience higher blood pressure temporarily. What could be the explanation for this increase in blood pressure?A. Low oxyg…
Published	10/10/2024	Which of the following mechanisms directly contributes to the development of hypertension?A. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (R…
Published	10/10/2024	Which of the following reflects the role of baroreceptor reflexes in the regulation of hypertension?A. Baroreceptors enhance sympathetic activity to r…
Published	10/10/2024	Which of the following factors directly increases systolic blood pressure in hypertension?A. Increased venous returnB. Decreased total peripheral resi…
Published	10/10/2024	Increased levels of angiotensin II can be seen in patients with hypertension. Which of the following physiological effects would you expect to observe…
Published	10/10/2024	Left ventricular hypertrophy can develop in hypertensive patients. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this hypertrophy?A. Incre…
Published	10/10/2024	Diuretic therapy can lead to a significant reduction in blood pressure. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this reduction?A. Diuretics in…
Published	10/10/2024	A hypertensive patient experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure after standing up. Which of the following mechanism follows in this patient? A…
Published	10/10/2024	Patients with longstanding hypertension may develop heart failure. Which of the following is the most likely physiologic explanation for the developme…
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