Notes in Jeff Ophthalmology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Uhthoff's}} phenomenon is a decrease in vision with {{c2::increase in body temperature}}, which is an indicator of {{c3::optic neuritis }}
Published	10/09/2023	History of significant carotid artery occlusion on the same side with elevated intraocular pressure would raise one’s suspicion of {{c1::ocular ischem…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Marginal}} keratitis is inflammation of the outer edge of the cornea, typically caused by a hypersensitivity reaction against {{c1::staph::organ…
Published	10/09/2023	Pt with photophobia has chroincally recurrent oval corneal intraepithelial white-grey opacities in a paraxial distribution.Dx = {{c1::Thygeson's}} sup…
Published	10/09/2023	Cogan (epithelial basement membrane) dystrophy:Histology: basement membrane thickening & deficient {{c2::hemidesmosomes::cell junction}}.Signs: {{…
Published	10/09/2023	Lattice corneal dystrophy: key featuresLattice corneal dystrophy Type 1: {{c1::TGFB1}} mutation (5q31). with '{{c1::Glass-like}}' filamentous lesions.…
Published	10/09/2023	Granular corneal dystrophies: Key featuresBoth involve mutations of {{c1::TGFB1}}, with autosomal dominant inheritanceGranular corneal dystrophy Type …
Published	10/09/2023	Intracranial aneurysms{{c1::Terson}} syndrome is {{c2::a combination of intraocular and subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to aneurysmal rupture.}}
Published	10/09/2023	Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a blood vessel complex extending from the choriocapillaris through {{c1::Bruch membrane}} into the sub-RPE or su…
Published	10/09/2023	Finding: {{c1::Angioid streaks}}, which result from breaks in a weakened {{c2::Bruch's membrane}}
Published	10/09/2023	Child presents with hearing loss and connective tissue abnormalities. Ocular findings:1. High {{c2::myopia}}2. Vitreoretinal {{c2::degeneration}}3. {{…
Published	10/09/2023	Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy =slowly progressive failure of vascularization of the {{c1::temporal::medial \|\| temporal}} retinal periphery, sim…
Published	10/09/2023	Horner-Trantas dots=Limbal papillae in {{c1::vernal keratoconjunctivitis::Dx}}
Published	10/09/2023	Top left: Giant papillae. Top right: Limbal papillae with {{c2::Horner-Trantas}} dotsBottom: {{c2::Shield}} ulcerDx = {{c1::Vernal}} keratoconjunctiv…
Published	10/09/2023	Causes of choroidal {{c2::detachment}} 1. Glaucoma surgery causing {{c1::hypotony}} -- Most common!2. Medications: perioperative {{c1::antimetabolites…
Published	10/09/2023	In Terson syndrome, the intraocular hemorrhage is typically {{c1::intra/pre}}retinal
Published	10/09/2023	Complications of scleritis:Cornea: {{c1::Sclerosing}} keratitis (chronic thinning + opacification of peripheral cornea such that it resembles sclera).…
Published	10/09/2023	Signs of optic neuropathy encountered in thyroid eye disease:Reduced VA,Swollen optic disc,{{c1::Central/paracentral::location}} field defects, which …
Published	10/09/2023	Pt presents with epibulbar vascular dilatation with a 'corkscrew' appearance. Hemorrhagic chemosis. CN involvement with ptosis and ophthalmoplegia. Fu…
Published	10/09/2023	How are cavernous hemangiomas treated?{{c1::Observation alone}} is usually appropriate. Symptomatic lesions require {{c1::surgical excision}}
Published	10/09/2023	The basal columnar epithelial layer of the cornea is attached to the basal lamina (bowman layer) by {{c1::hemidesmosomes::cell junction type}}.
Published	10/09/2023	The optic nerve head has 4 anatomic subdivisions{{c1::Superficial nerve fiber layerPrelaminar areaLaminar areaRetrolaminar area}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the equation for the modified Goldmann equation?{{c1::}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the equation of the Imbert-Fick principle?{{c1::Pressure = Force / Area}}
Published	10/09/2023	A common corneal finding associated with {{c2::congenital glaucoma::type of glaucoma}} is {{c1::Haab striae::other than edema}}
Published	10/09/2023	The corneal appearance associated with iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome is a "{{c1::beaten bronze}}" appearance.
Published	10/09/2023	What are the anatomic boundaries of the anterior segment of the optic nerve?{{c1::Retinal surface to the retrolaminar region}}
Published	10/09/2023	The further away from the optic nerve, the {{c1::deeper::deeper or shallower}} within the RNFL the fiber runs.
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Lens rim}} is a type of artifact of VF testing that occurs when the {{c2::machine's corrective lens is decentered or set too far}}.
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Cloverleaf pattern}} is a type of artifact of VF testing that occurs when the {{c2::patient stops paying attention (false negative)}}.
Published	10/09/2023	What is the effect of low ocular perfusion pressure on the risk of developing primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)?{{c1::Low ocular perfusion pressure i…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c2::Pseudoexfoliation syndrome}} is associated with the mutation of {{c1::LOXL1}}.
Published	10/09/2023	What ethnicity has the highest rate of pseudoexfoliation syndrome?{{c1::Scandinavian}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the prognosis of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma vs primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)?{{c1::Much worse - more treatment resistant}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Glaucomatocyclitic crisis}} is also known as {{c2::Posner schlossman}} syndrome.
Published	10/09/2023	What is the treatment for Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis?{{c1::Normal IOP lowering drugs - DO NOT USE STEROIDS}}
Published	10/09/2023	A cause of secondary open angle glaucoma is {{c1::hemolytic}} and {{c1::ghost cell}} glaucoma both of which can develop after {{c2::vitreous hemorrhag…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema}} syndrome is a cause of secondary OAG that is caused by chafing of the iris from a {{c2::malpositioned ACIOL or suture…
Published	10/09/2023	One cause of secondary open angle glaucoma is {{c1::schwartz matsuo}} syndrome that occurs after {{c2::rhegmatogenous retinal detachment}}. This occur…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the risk factors for corticosteroid induced glaucoma? (1 by 1){{c1::Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)::ocular history}}{{c1::First degree re…
Published	10/09/2023	The {{c1::early manifest glaucoma trial (EMGT)}} was a study to evaluate the effectiveness of lowering IOP in patients with early, newly detected OAG.
Published	10/09/2023	The most common causes of neovascular glaucoma are:{{c1::Diabetic retinopathy}}{{c1::Retinal venous occlusive disease (CRVO/BRVO)}}{{c1::Ocular ischem…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the 3 clinical variants of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome?{{c1::Iris nevus (Cogan-reese) syndrome}}{{c1::Chandler syndrome - beaten …
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Specular}} microscopy can confirm the diagnosis of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome by demonstrating {{c2::light-dark reversal}} in the i…
Published	10/09/2023	What can be used to diagnose epithelial membrane ingrowth on the iris surface?{{c1::Argon laser - produces a characteristic white burn}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the 2 main proteins/genes associated with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?- {{c1::CYP1B1 (cytochrome) on the GLC3A locus}}- {{c1::LTBP2 (la…
Published	10/09/2023	Mutations in the {{c1::PAX6}} gene are associated with {{c2::aniridia::iris finding}}.
Published	10/09/2023	What mutations are associated with Axenfeld Rieger syndrome?{{c1::PITX2}}{{c1::FOXC1}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the classic triad of Sturge weber syndrome?Ipsilateral {{c1::facial cutaneous hemangioma (port-wine stain)}}Ipsilateral {{c1::choroidal cavern…
Published	10/09/2023	How can CRVO be differentiated from ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) on fundus exam (no touching the eye)?{{c1::OIS has no tortuous vessels}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the triad of symptoms of ocular ischemic syndrome?{{c1::Gradual vision loss}}{{c1::Orbital pain}}{{c1::Prolonged recovery after bright lights}…
Published	10/09/2023	How can physical pressure on the globe be used to differentiate ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) from CVRO?{{c1::In OIS the arteries will collapse, in C…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the characteristic fundus findings of Purtscher retinopathy?{{c1::Purtscher flecken and cotton wool spots::2}}
Published	10/09/2023	In which layers of the eye do you find the plaques of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE)?{{c1::RPE and choriocapillari…
Published	10/09/2023	What is the classic appearance of the fundus in hydroxychloroquine toxicity?{{c1::Bulls eye appearance}}
Published	10/09/2023	What would hydroxychloroquine toxicity show on OCT?{{c1::Outer segment/EZ zone loss paracentrally}}
Published	10/09/2023	What associated conditions place patients at higher risk of hydroxychloroquine toxicity?- {{c1::Duration of use > 5 years::duration of use}}- {{c1:…
Published	10/09/2023	Intracameral {{c1::vancomycin::antibiotic}} is associated with {{c2::hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis}} due to a type {{c3::III}} hypersentivi…
Published	10/09/2023	What 2 drugs can cause choroidal effusions that push the lens diaphragm forward and lead to myopic shift and angle closure glaucoma?{{c1::Topiramate}}…
Published	10/09/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #1 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::superior nasal or temporal detachements::type of de…
Published	10/09/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #2 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::superior detachments that cross 12 o clock::type of…
Published	10/09/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #3 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::inferior detachments::type of detachment}}, the pri…
Published	10/09/2023	What is Lincoff's rule #4 in finding a primary break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?In {{c1::inferior bullous detachments::type of detachment}},…
Published	10/09/2023	What disease process must be ruled out in patients with inferiorly located exudative RDs?{{c1::Superior tear RRD (lincoff rule #4)}}
Published	10/09/2023	How does acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) appear on intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA)?{{c1::Early hypofluor…
Published	10/09/2023	How does acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) appear on indocyanine green (ICG) angiography?{{c1::Hypofluorescence with …
Published	10/09/2023	How is tuberculosis (TB) serpiginous like choroiditis different than serpiginous choroiditis on exam?{{c1::Unilateral::laterality}}{{c1::More vitritis…
Published	10/09/2023	How is punctate inner choroiditis different on exam than multifocal choroiditis?{{c1::Lesions do not extend into the midperiphery}}{{c1::Rarely associ…
Published	10/09/2023	Is punctate inner choroidopathy typically anterior, intermediate or posterior uveitis?{{c1::Posterior only}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the classic triad of ocular histoplasmosis?{{c1::Histo spots: Atrophic "punched out" choroioretinal scars}}{{c1::Peripapillary pigment changes…
Published	10/09/2023	When evaluating a patient for CEIOL, the presence of {{c1::pseudoex material}} in the pupillary margin may indicate {{c2::weak zonules and poor dilati…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Pellucid marginal degeneration::corneal disease}} has a {{c2::crab-claw}} configuration with {{c2::against the rule astigmatism}} on topography.
Published	10/09/2023	What are the top 3 groups of causes of interpalprebral staining?{{c1::Dry Eye Disease}}{{c1::Exposure}}{{c1::Neurotrophic keratopathy}}
Published	10/09/2023	In severe aqueous tear deficiency, {{c1::filaments}} which are strands of degenerating {{c2::epithelial}} cells over a core of {{c3::mucus}} may form.
Published	10/09/2023	What is used to manage filamentary keratopathy (if the underlying disease cannot be managed)?{{c1::Filaments debrided with jewelers forceps*}}
Published	10/09/2023	A chronic inflammatory condition involving the superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva with punctate cornea staining adjacent to superior limbus and fi…
Published	10/09/2023	What is the conservative medical management of limbal stem cell deficiency? (after discontinuing inciting cause){{c1::Topical anti-inflammatory meds (…
Published	10/09/2023	A {{c1::fleischer ring}} is a circular iron line corneal degeneration that is typically associated with {{c2::keratoconus::disease}}.
Published	10/09/2023	A {{c1::ferry's line}} is a type of iron line corneal degeneration that is typically associated with a {{c2::filtering bleb}}.
Published	10/09/2023	Late in the disease of keratoconus, {{c1::breaks in descemet's membrane::corneal layer}} can occur leading to acute {{c2::hydrops}}.
Published	10/09/2023	When is keratoplasty indicated in keratoconus?{{c1::Poor VA even with contacts}}{{c1::Contact lens intolerance}}{{c1::Progressive thinning approaching…
Published	10/09/2023	How can ulcers from neurotrophic keratopathy be distinguished from those from recurrent HSV?{{c1::Absence of rose bengal staining}}
Published	10/09/2023	What type of VZV infection is shown here?{{c1::Nummular corneal infiltrates of stromal keratitis}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the main viral infection of the anterior segment caused by CMV?{{c1::CMV anterior uveitis}}
Published	10/09/2023	Is epidemic keratoconjunctivitis typically uni or bilateral?{{c1::Bilateral}}
Published	10/09/2023	Is the conjunctival reaction follicular or papillary in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)?{{c1::Follicular - but may be obscured by chemosis}}
Published	10/09/2023	Where does the lymphadenopathy appear in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)?{{c1::Preauricular}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the early slit lamp findings of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) on the cornea?{{c1::Central geographic corneal erosions (first 1-2 weeks)…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the late slit lamp findings of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) on the cornea?{{c1::Multifocal stromal corneal infiltrates}}
Published	10/09/2023	Are steroids used to treat bacterial keratitis?{{c1::Yes after 48 hours - but NOT in the absence of antibiotic therapy}}
Published	10/09/2023	Patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis have an inflammatory type {{c1::1 and 4}} hypersensitivity reaction as well as a depressed {{c1::cell mediat…
Published	10/09/2023	What ocular diseases are patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis at higher risk for developing?- {{c1::HSV}}- {{c1::Staph blepharitis}}
Published	10/09/2023	What type of inflammatory disorder is shown here?{{c1::Ligneous conjunctivitis}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the pathogenesis of ligneous conjunctivitis?{{c1::Type 1 plasminogen deficiency leading to hypofibrinolysis}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the management of ligneous conjunctivitis?{{c1::Surgical excision with or without cryotherapy}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the management of mild thygesons superficial punctate keratitis?{{c1::AT}}
Published	10/09/2023	One potential complication of DSEK is {{c1::epithelial ingrowth}} which is seen as a gray-white membrane that grows at the graft-host interface.
Published	10/09/2023	A {{c1::oncocytoma}} is a glandular tumor of the conj that is dervied from the lacrimal  glands.
Published	10/09/2023	What factors differentiate primary acquired melanosis from complexion associated melanosis?{{c1::Unilateral}}{{c1::Occurs in light skinned individual}…
Published	10/09/2023	What corneal dystrophies are associated with amyloid deposit?{{c1::Lattice corneal dystrophy (and avellino)}}{{c1::Gelatinous drop like corneal dystro…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the corneal manifestations of marfans syndrome?{{c1::Excessive flattening - sometimes down to 35 D}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the causes of {{c1::leukocoria}}?1. Congenital {{c2::Cataract}}2. {{c2::Retinoblastoma}}3. {{c2::ROP (retinopathy of prematurity)}}4. {{c2::H…
Published	10/09/2023	One way that uveitic glaucoma causes increased IOP is from {{c1::corticosteroid::drug}} induced {{c2::reduction of outflow}} through the trabecular me…
Published	10/09/2023	A common off-label drug use in ophthalmology is {{c1::acetylcysteine}} in the management of filamentary keratopathy.
Published	10/09/2023	What type of infectious orbital syndrome presents with internal and external ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, decreased corneal sensation and decreased vision…
Published	10/09/2023	What type of orbital mass can present with enophthalmos at rest and proptosis after placing the head in a dependent position?{{c1::Venous malformation…
Published	10/09/2023	Chlamydia can cause {{c1::inclusion conjunctivitis}} or {{c1::trachoma}} or {{c1::lymphogranuloma venererum}}
Published	10/09/2023	Likely diagnosis of chronic conjunctivitis with purulent discharge lasting >3 weeks?{{c1::Inclusion conjunctivitis}}
Published	10/09/2023	Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is {{c1::Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation/Cryotherapy, anti-VEGF}}
Published	10/09/2023	Age-Related Eye Disease 2 Study has shown that {{c1::omega-3 fatty acids}} have little effect on the eye but {{c2::lutein & zeaxanthin (plant pigm…
Published	10/09/2023	Name the lesion and mechanism:{{c1::Terson syndrome, there's vitreous and sub-ILM/sub-hyaloid hemorrhage caused by acute rise in intra-ocular venous p…
Published	10/09/2023	How is Purtscher worse than Terson syndrome?{{c1::Purtscher causes injury-induced complement activation, which occludes small arterioles and leads to …
Published	10/09/2023	What are the causes of Purtscher-like retinopathy?{{c1::Acute pancreatitis, Collagen-vascular diseases, childbirth, amniotic fluid embolism.}}
Published	10/09/2023	Classic FA pattern of APMPEE{{c1::Blocks early, stains late}}
Published	10/09/2023	How do you tell acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) from Syphilis on clinical history?{{c1::APMPPE pts usually aren't i…
Published	10/09/2023	Diagnosis in this patient with 1-2+ vitreous cell, without an identifiable underlying infection{{c1::Multifocal choroiditis}}
Published	10/09/2023	Combination of hyperopic pt with exudative RD and "leopard-spot" pattern without leakage on FA are classic features of {{c1::Uveal effusion syndrome…
Published	10/09/2023	What treatments are first line for Behcet disease?{{c1::Azathioprine + infliximab, Cyclosporine if ocular predominate, and Tacrolimus}}
Published	10/09/2023	The inferior vortex veins drain into the {{c1::inferior ophthalmic veins}}, while the superior vortex veins drain into the {{c1::superior ophthalmic v…
Published	10/09/2023	When describing the location of ROP, Zone {{c1::I}} refers to the {{c2::posterior retina wihin a 60 degree circle around the optic nerve}}
Published	10/09/2023	When describing the location of ROP, Zone {{c1::II}} refers to the {{c2::external border of Zone I to a circle bordered by the nasal ora serrata anter…
Published	10/09/2023	When describing the location of ROP, Zone {{c1::III}} refers to the {{c2::temporal peripheral retina not in Zone II}}
Published	10/09/2023	What type of eyelid abnormality is shown here?{{c1::Congenital nevocellular nevi}}
Published	10/09/2023	How do pts with Posner-Schlossman syndrome present?{{c1::Acute, unilateral, recurrent attacks of elevated IOP with low-grade non-granulomatous anterio…
Published	10/09/2023	Diagnose this female with blurry vision OD who just got over flu:{{c1::Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)}}
Published	10/09/2023	What type of allergic conjunctivitis is shown here?{{c1::Vernal - shield ulcer}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Ligneous}} conjunctivitis is a bilateral conjunctivitis characterized by a firm woody pseudomembrane due to a deficiency of {{c2::type I plasmin…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c2::Peters anomaly}} is also known as {{c1::kerato-irido-lenticular dysgenesis}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the additional non-ocular features of Peters-plus syndrome?{{c1::Short stature}}{{c1::Distinct craniofacial appearance}}{{c1::Shortened finge…
Published	10/09/2023	What is the first step in workup of a patient with sporadic aniridia?{{c1::Chromosomal deletion analysis of 11p13}}
Published	10/09/2023	What characterics of vitreous biopsy support diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma? (1 by 1){{c1::Cytological ID of lymphoma cells::gold standard}…
Published	10/09/2023	Phacoantigenic glaucoma {{c1::has}}(lacks/has) keratic precipitates, has a(n) {{c1::open}}open/closed angle, and {{c1::violated}}(intact/violated) len…
Published	10/09/2023	Juvenile open-angle glaucoma is associated with mutations of the {{c1::myocilin (MYOC)}} gene at the GLC1A locus in 36% of cases
Published	10/09/2023	How does birdshot uveitis usually respond to steroids?{{c1::Incompletely responsive, and may require early use of immunomodulatory therapy}}
Published	10/09/2023	Which eye (lighter or darker) is the involved eye in Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis?{{c1::Usually the lighter eye, but it might be the darker eye if the…
Published	10/09/2023	Which white dot syndrome has a fine granularity around the fovea?{{c1::multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS)}}
Published	10/09/2023	In what age group is brimonidine contraindicated?{{c1::Age < 2}}
Published	10/09/2023	How does the horizontal diameter of the cornea relate to prognosis in infants with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?{{c1::>14 mm is worse prognosi…
Published	10/09/2023	What kind of visual deficit is seen in pts with optic nerve head drusen?{{c1::Slowly progressive nasal visual field defects respecting the horizontal …
Published	10/09/2023	At what age does Stargardt disease typically start to present?{{c1::8-15 years of age}}
Published	10/09/2023	How can ocular ischemic syndrome cause high IOP? (3 ways){{c1::Hemorrhage in the AC or vitreous, angle closure from neovascularization of the angle, a…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Hudson-Stahli}} lines are horizontal iron lines found at the {{c2::tear meniscus}} and are commonly seen in the {{c2::elderly}}
Published	10/09/2023	Which bacteria is associated with chronic angular blepharoconjunctivitis (occurring at the lateral canthal angle)?{{c1::Moraxella lacunata}}
Published	10/09/2023	What organisms is acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by?{{c1::Enterovirus type 70 and Coxsckievirus A24}}
Published	10/09/2023	The main features of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome are {{c1::corectopia, iris atrophy, and beaten bronze appearance of the corneal endotheli…
Published	10/09/2023	What type of gonioscopy lens is shown below?{{c1::Posner}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is the vascular supply to the retrolaminar portion of the optic nerve head?Primary: {{c1::Pial vessels and short posterior ciliary vessels::2}}Se…
Published	10/09/2023	What sign of Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis (uveitis) is shown below during a cataract surgery?{{c1::Amsler sign}}
Published	10/09/2023	One gene associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) found on locus {{c1::GLC1E}} is {{c1::OPTN}}.
Published	10/09/2023	In the EMGT (Early Manifest Glaucoma) trial, {{c1::thin central corneal thickness::corneal finding}} was a risk factor in primary open angle glaucoma …
Published	10/09/2023	Juvenile OAG is associated with the gene {{c1::TIGR/MYOC}} located on locus {{c1::GLC1A}}
Published	10/09/2023	How does the timing of the diagnosis of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) affect the visual prognosis?Best: {{c1::between 3 and 12 months}}Worse: {{c1…
Published	10/09/2023	What culture media is preferred for culturing Mycobacteria and Nocardia?{{c1::Lowenstein-Jensen}}
Published	10/09/2023	A patient with uniformly shallow AC in the presence of a patent LPI and normal fundus exam most likely has {{c1::malignant glaucoma}}
Published	10/09/2023	What additional complications are more likely in a patient who suffered an epithelial defect after LASIK?{{c1::Diffuse lamellar keratitis}}{{c1::Infec…
Published	10/09/2023	What gene is involved in juvenile-onset glaucoma?{{c1::GLC1A (AKA TIGR/MYOC)}}
Published	10/09/2023	What gene is involved in normal tension glaucoma?{{c1::OPTN}}On locus {{c1::GLC1E}}
Published	10/09/2023	Classic ocular signs of vernal keratoconjunctivitis include: {{c1::Giant papillary conjunctivitis >1mm in diameter aka 'cobblestone' papillae), Hor…
Published	10/09/2023	What's the formula for AREDS2? (1 by 1)500mg {{c1::Vit C}}400IU {{c1::Vit E}}10mg {{c1::Lutein}}2mg {{c1::Zeaxanthin}}25 mg {{c1::Zinc oxide}}2 mg {{c…
Published	10/09/2023	How can cyclodialysis lead to hypotony?{{c1::AC flows into the suprachoroidal space}}{{c1::Decreased blood supply to the ciliary body}}
Published	10/09/2023	What is demonstrated by the arrowhead in the cyclodialysis shown below?{{c1::Scleral spur in the normal location}}
Published	10/09/2023	What finding is demonstrated by the asterisk in this patient with chlamydia?{{c1::Cytoplasmic inclusion body}}
Published	10/09/2023	On histologic examination of {{c1::pinguecula/pterygium::conjunctival lesion(s)}} shows fragmentation of {{c2::collagen}} with basophilic degeneration…
Published	10/09/2023	What type of conjunctival degeneration is shown below?{{c1::Conjunctival amyloidosis}}
Published	10/09/2023	Histologic examination of a pedunculated papilloma demonstrates a {{c1::papillary fibrovascular}} core covered by {{c2::hyperplastic squamous}} epithe…
Published	10/09/2023	What histologic features of a sessile papilloma are suggestive of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)? (1 by 1)Nuclear {{c1::hyperchromasia}} and…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the two rare variants of conjunctival carcinoma that spread very aggressively with higher rates of recurrence?{{c1::Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}…
Published	10/09/2023	A type of ocular surface melanocytic lesion is {{c1::complexion-associated melanosis}} which is typically present during {{c2::young adulthood::age}} …
Published	10/09/2023	What type of pigmented lesion is shown below?{{c1::Conjunctival melanocytic nevus}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the 3 types of conjunctival melanosis?{{c1::Primary acquired melanosis}}{{c1::Secondary acquired melanosis}}{{c1::Complexion-associated melan…
Published	10/09/2023	The number of {{c1::clock-hours}} of conjunctival involvement is predictive of prognosis/malignant transformation in patients with primary acquired me…
Published	10/09/2023	What is the appearance of the cytoplasm in oncocytomas?{{c1::Eosinophilic due to numerous mitochondria}}
Published	10/09/2023	In {{c3::Peters anomaly }}a localized defect in the central or paracentral portion of {{c2::Descemet membrane::layer}} is known as {{c1::internal ulce…
Published	10/09/2023	Peters anomaly is associated with {{c1::sclerocornea}} which is characterized by peripheral corneal stromal opacification and vascularization.
Published	10/09/2023	In {{c1::lattice::stromal}} corneal dystrophy histologic examination will show deposits of {{c2::amyloid}}.
Published	10/09/2023	In {{c1::Granular}} corneal dystrophy histologic examination will show deposits of {{c2::hyaline material}}.
Published	10/09/2023	One of the features of the histologically "embryonic"/"fetal" AC angle in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is {{c1::anterior insertion}} of the iris …
Published	10/09/2023	One of the features of the histologically "embryonic"/"fetal" AC angle in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a poorly developed {{c1::scleral spur}}…
Published	10/09/2023	What are the 3 histologic layers of the sclera?{{c1::Episclera}}{{c1::Stroma}}{{c1::Lamina fusca}}
Published	10/09/2023	Silver deposits on the anterior lens capsule are known as {{c1::argyrosis}}.
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Choroidal osteomas}} are benign bony tumors of the choroid usually seen near the optic nerve, esp in young females. They're orange/yellow in app…
Published	10/09/2023	What diseases cause cloudy cornea at birth?{{c1::STUMPED:SclerocorneaTrauma (foreceps)UlcerMucopolysaccharidosesmetabolicPetersEndothelial (CHED)Dermo…
Published	10/09/2023	Medulloepitheliomas will secrete a mucinous substance that is rich in {{c1::hyaluronic acid}} that resembles primitive vitreous.
Published	10/09/2023	The {{c1::lamina fusca}} is a layer of the choroid that is a pigmented layer that attaches to the sclera.
Published	10/09/2023	What is the common location of choroidal osteomas?{{c1::Peripapillary choroid}}
Published	10/09/2023	Orbital hemangiomas in {{c1::children::children or adults}} are typically {{c2::unencapsulated::encapsulated or unencapsulated}} and consist of {{c3::…
Published	10/09/2023	What is the typical ultrasonography findings of a choroidal osteoma?{{c1::High-reflectivity corresponding to the bony plate with acoustic shadowing}}
Published	10/09/2023	Is metastasis common in medulloepithelioma?{{c1::No! - despite the malignant appearance on histology}}
Published	10/09/2023	How do intralesional steroids treat capillary hemangiomas?{{c1::Increase the tumor vascular bed sensitivity to circulating catecholamines}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the primary causes of limbal stem cell deficiency?{{c1::Conditions present at birth:Congenital aniridia, ectodermal dysplasia, sclerocornea, …
Published	10/09/2023	How is chlamydia conjunctivitis characterized in newborns vs adults?{{c1::Papillary conjunctivitis (as opposed to follicular in adults)::papillary or …
Published	10/09/2023	If a patient with Posner-Schlossman syndrome doesn't improve with topical corticosteroids and glaucoma meds, what can you try?{{c1::Topical ganciclovi…
Published	10/09/2023	As Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) progresses, {{c1::endothelial cells}} continue to die off leading to corneal swelling and clouding
Published	10/09/2023	Definitive treatment for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) is {{c1::corneal transplant}}
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Munson's}} sign is a late finding of {{c2::keratoconus}} and involves V-shaped inferior indentation in the lower eyelid contour on downward gaze…
Published	10/09/2023	How does ophthalmodynamometry differentiate between ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) and CRVO?
Published	10/09/2023	Cotton-wool spot in a patient with history of head/neck cancer?
Published	10/09/2023	What are the 2 main pathways of glucose metabolism within the lens? (1 by 1){{c1::Glycolysis and HMP shunt}}Predominant?{{c1::Glycolysis}}
Published	10/09/2023	What are the diseases associated with microspherophakia?{{c1::Weill Marchesani syndrome}}{{c1::Peters anomaly}}{{c1::Marfan syndrome}}{{c1::Alport syn…
Published	10/09/2023	A major risk factor for angle-closure glaucoma is {{c1::family}} history
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