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Published 01/27/2025 Drug: any chemical substance that produces a measurable {{c1::biological}} response.
Published 01/27/2025 {{c1::Pharmacokinetics}}: the concentration in blood plasma during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; what the b…
Published 01/27/2025 Pharmaco{{c1::dynamics}} aka pharmaco{{c2::therapeutics}}: biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which drugs produce a therapeutic or desir…
Published 01/27/2025 Pharmacotoxicology:  is the study of the biochemical and physical mechanisms by which drugs produce their {{c1::adverse side}} eff…
Published 01/27/2025 All medication package inserts follow the same format, usually. The top: lists your drugChemical nameGeneric nameTrade nameClinical pharmacology:…
Published 01/27/2025 FDA has to approve all {{c1::trade}} names, but the US name council does the non-propriety name ({{c1::generic}} name)
Published 01/27/2025 Med package inserts: Chemical Structure & Formulation: have to read these bc pts often allergic to {{c1::fillers}} in the formulati…
Published 01/27/2025 Drug formulations/absorption:{{c1::tablets}}{{c1::coated tablets}}{{c1::syrups, powders, ointments,}} etc{{c1::injectable}} solutions
Published 01/27/2025 Tablet: compressed powder that quickly dissolves in stomachCan vary in {{c1::dissolution}} so onset can vary/effectsCoated tablets: compressed po…
Published 01/27/2025 PO drugs: can include tablets/coatedT/syrups/powders,etcBarriers to absorption: the GI epithelial lining, the drug must go {{c1::through cells, n…
Published 01/27/2025 Injectable solutions: can be SQ, IM, IVSometimes combos of drugs like adding epi to a local anesthetic{{c1::The epi constricts local blood vessels and…
Published 01/27/2025 Injectable solutions: can be SQ, IM, IVFor the IM/SQ drugs specifically: Barriers to absorption: {{c1::capillary wall}}Absorption patterns may be…
Published 01/27/2025 Injectable solutions: can be SQ, IM, IVFor IV drugs specifically: Barriers to absorption: {{c1::NONE}}Pros: rapid onset (ideal for emergenci…
Published 01/27/2025 Why we don’t crush extended release drugs: {{c1::Should slowly increase, hit steady state, then slow decrease::what we should see w/administratio…
Published 01/27/2025 Controls are comparison groups used to determine the {{c1::efficacy}} or safety of a new drug.Purpose: They help establish whether the observed effect…
Published 01/27/2025 Randomization is the process of assigning participants to different groups (e.g., treatment or control) purely by chance.Purpose: It minimizes selecti…
Published 01/27/2025 Blinding involves keeping certain people in the trial unaware of which participants are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the control (e…
Published 01/27/2025 Why These Are Important in New Drug DevelopmentControls ensure there is a {{c1::benchmark}} for comparison.Randomization eliminates {{c1::biases}…
Published 01/27/2025 Preclinical stages - early stage of drug development where you identify promising new/target drugs, animal testing. Performed on cells, {{c1::isolated…
Published 01/27/2025 According to the FDA, a drug is any product that is intended for use in the diagnosis, {{c1::cure}} mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease; a…
Published 01/27/2025 Phase 1 Clinical Trials: small #, {{c1::20-80::<100}}, healthy volunteers or volunteer pts who have the disease they’re looking at ({{c1::like…
Published 01/27/2025 Phase II Clinical Trials: relatively small {{c1::100’s::#}}, this phase emphasizes {{c1::effectiveness}}. Goal: get prelim data on whether d…
Published 01/27/2025 Phase III Clinical Trials: {{c1::1000’s::larger #}} of patients, {{c2::randomized}} trials that test for the safety and effectiveness, can g…
Published 01/27/2025 "Phase 4" = In the post-marketing period (after they get approved by FDA), drugs are monitored for {{c1::adverse events}} (sometimes on…
Published 01/27/2025 In post-marketing period of drug development, you can also find out info on indications other than what it was approved for, is it helping something e…
Published 01/27/2025 Ethical Issues r/t Drug txt/developmentautonomy: {{c1::freedom of choicePts should have some choice/say within the realm of strategies}}Beneficence: t…
Published 01/27/2025 Plateau principle: {{c1::repeated}} dosing, usually for oral drugs, r/t serum concentration and ½ life, At time intervals you see biotransformation an…
Published 01/27/2025 What happens with the plateau principle if your pt has cirrhosis?In a cirrhosis pt, the trough is not as low as a healthy ptThe elimination and biotra…
Published 01/27/2025 Chronopharmacology: the study of drug {{c1::effects}} that are timed to {{c1::a biological rhythm}}
Published 01/27/2025 You administer the drug → absorb the drug → enters the bloodstream as a free active drug → ?You can form tissue deposits (not all drugs, but a lot do)…
Published 01/27/2025 Absorption Profile: study of {{c1::the concentration of a drug in the plasma after administration after time 0}}.Characteristics include: MEC, MTC, th…
Published 01/27/2025 MEC: {{c1::Minimum effective concentration}}, a plasma drug level level where {{c1::under that amount, there will be no therapeutic effects}} MTC: {{c…
Published 01/27/2025 Therapeutic Range: {{c1::enough to produce a therapeutic effect, but not a toxic effect}}How wide this range is how safely the drug can be used
Published 01/27/2025 Cmax: {{c1::the maximum drug concentration a drug will reach after it is administered::definition}}, {{c1::also the peak concentration::AKA}}Tmax: {{c…
Published 01/27/2025 Onset time: when the drug first hits the {{c1::MEC (minimum effective conc)}}Duration of action: time the drug spends {{c1::above the MEC along the cu…
Published 01/27/2025 Half-life: pick any point on the downslope for the concentration (where metabolism and elimination are in progress), pick a second point that is half …
Published 01/27/2025 {{c1::Total Drug Exposure}}: {{c2::the area under the curve}}, represents total drug exposure over time that drug is {{c1::first available in the plas…
Published 01/27/2025 Applications for AUC (area under the curve): {{c1::bioavailability}}:  percent of the total drug dosage that enters the blood after administ…
Published 01/27/2025 Bioequivalence has to be between{{c1::80% and 125%::range}}Bc of that variance, if someone needs really tight control over the amount, that's when it’…
Published 01/27/2025 Variables that Influence the Rates of Drug AbsorptionRates of {{c1::dissolution}}{{c1::Surface}} areaBlood flow{{c1::Higher}} BF means …
Published 01/27/2025 G-I functions:  {{c1::vomiting and diarrhea}} can alter drug absorption and stress can reduce blood flow to the G-I tract which reduces drug abso…
Published 01/27/2025 Barriers to Distribution{{c1::Blood Brain Barrier }}Tighter, solutes must diffuse through {{c2::2 membranes}} (lipid soluble or specific transpor…
Published 01/27/2025 Drug Formulations that Utilize the BBBExample: Sinemet (combo 2 drugs L-Dopa and Carbidopa)L-Dopa crosses BBB, acted on by decarboxylase and turns to …
Published 01/27/2025 Alterations in the BBBinflammation/infections of meningeal membranes {{c1::increase permeability}} of BBBAge: {{c1::infants}} and elderly pts typicall…
Published 01/27/2025 Placenta: the placenta can serve as a barrier for drug absorption into the fetus; e.g. heparins with MWs > 1000 {{c1::do not}} pass placental membr…
Published 01/27/2025 Barriers to Distribution:Biofilm- like a sticky barrier so the bacteria can protect itselfBiofilm infections includes chronic catheter infections, chr…
Published 01/27/2025 Barriers to distribution:Abscesses and skin and soft-tissue cysts can be treated with {{c1::lipid}} soluble medications that include clindamycin and s…
Published 01/27/2025 Plasma Binding ProteinsOnce bound, it’s a {{c1::reservoir}} of the drug, but not an active participate for you to get biological response
Published 01/30/2025 Types of Plasma binding  proteins (PBP):                  (a…
Published 01/30/2025 Warfarin is highly bound at 99%Only need 1% free to have a therapeutic effectAspirin is highly bound 50%Since both are competing for the same sites, {…
Published 01/30/2025 Important note:  Plasma binding proteins bind to other molecules besides drugs. So if they’re on a combo of drugs, have to anticipate {{c1::…
Published 01/30/2025 Variations in Plasma binding proteins are a source of biological variations in drug responses.Malnutrition, liver or kidney diseases reduce blood leve…
Published 01/30/2025 Tissue Deposits ({{c1::out of the plasma but did not reach target tissue::means?}})Locations: {{c1::adipose}} tissue = 15-50% of body weight (big…
Published 01/30/2025 Biological Importance of Tissue Deposits:deposits can serve as a drug {{c1::reservoir}}anabolic steroids can be detected in blood long after terminati…
Published 01/30/2025 Biological Importance of Tissue Deposits:deposits alter drug {{c1::dosage}} strategies: loading/induction/priming doses designed to {{c1::saturate}} t…
Published 01/30/2025 Biological Importance of Tissue Deposits:deposits are potential sites of drug {{c1::toxicity}};e.g. tetracycline is deposited in developing bone and t…
Published 01/30/2025 The major metabolic tissues include the liver, kidneys, {{c1::GI tract}}, lungs, {{c1::blood plasma}}.
Published 01/30/2025 Major Families of Metabolic Enzymes{{c1::Microsomal}} enzymes: {{c2::cytochrome P450 (CYPs)}}Mostly in the hepatocytes in the liver in the ER{{c1…
Published 01/30/2025 Variation in CYP genes results in phenotypes ultrarapid, extensive, intermediate and poor metabolisers. ultrarapid metaboliser (UM) generally carries …
Published 01/30/2025 The root symbol CYP for the superfamily, followed by a number indicating the gene family, a capital letter indicating the {{c1::subfamily}}, and anoth…
Published 01/30/2025 Humans have {{c1::57}} cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that are encoded by {{c1::57}} different genes. Humans have 18 families and 43 subfamilies of CYP…
Published 01/30/2025 CYP 1, 2, and 3 resp for metabolizing {{c1::80}}% of drugs we have.The most important drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes include:CYP3A4 and CYP3A5: Me…
Published 01/30/2025 CYPs are an inducible family of enzymes that serve to protect cells against toxins chemical/drug induces the CYP by {{c2::binding to orphan receptor}}…
Published 01/30/2025 Biological effect of an Inducer:Leads to {{c1::increased}} metabolism of a drug {{c1::Reduction in the therapeutic concentration/possibility…
Published 01/30/2025 Hydrolytic enzymes: utilize water to break (hydrolytic) chemical bonds within a drug molecule{{c1::Psuedocholinesterase}} is a blood-borne enzyme that…
Published 01/30/2025 Conjugation enzymes (CE) Biological consequence of conjugation rxns: Inactivates drugs and increases their {{c1::water}} solubility which increases th…
Published 01/30/2025 Phases and Classification of Drug MetabolismPhase I: CYP-catalyzed {{c1::oxidation}} or {{c1::hydrolysis}} reactionsPhase II: {{c1::conjugation}} rxns
Published 01/30/2025 Classification of drug metabolism: First pass metabolism: occurs following oral administration when drugs makes its first pass through the liver …
Published 01/30/2025 biological importance of drug metabolismDrug biotransformation: alterations in the chemical structure of drugs that leads to: Drug {{c1::inactivation}…
Published 01/30/2025 intestinal microbiome and drug metabolismYou can have production of toxic drug {{c1::metabolites}}:Like acetaminophen
Published 01/30/2025  induction and inhibition of metabolic enzymes many drugs and chemicals have been characterized as microsomal enzyme  (CYP) inducers e.…
Published 01/30/2025 Foods and food preparation: can {{c1::induce}} microsomal enzymes:  Brussel sprouts/{{c2::cabbage}}; charcoal broiled foods
Published 01/30/2025 occupation: factory workers exposed to {{c1::nitrates}} in the factory respond poorly to nitroglycerin; farm workers exposed to some insecti…
Published 01/30/2025 Some drugs can act as inhibitors of metabolic enzymes: e.g. cimetidine can inhibit the metabolism of estradiol and induce {{c1::gynecomastica}}&n…
Published 01/30/2025 Diseases/injuries can alter drug metabolism; cirrhosis and malnutrition can {{c1::reduce}} the production of microsomal enzymes by the liver…
Published 01/30/2025 Drug companies need to report all these: Drug interactionsFood effectsWhat to do with chronic hepatic insufficiencyDrug metabolism can be linked …
Published 01/30/2025 Manipulation of drug metabolism(a)  sulbactam: is an {{c1::inhibitor}} of beta-lactamases (penicillinases); counteracts the development of drug r…
Published 01/30/2025  intestinal microbiome and drug metabolismOur microbial genomes has been found to significantly alter the {{c1::absorption}} and {{c1::metab…
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacometabolomics is a new specialty field in pharmacology that is used to identify {{c1::metabolites}} that come from an individual’s mi…
Published 01/30/2025 Major tissues of elimination:Kidney: most important route of drug elimination Anything that decreases renal blood flow, decreases clearance{{c1::…
Published 02/06/2025 renal clearance (ml/min): volume (ml) of blood cleared of a drug per unit time (min). Clearance can be estimated by dividing: {{c1:: the rate of …
Published 01/30/2025 Dose-relationship curve: These describe relationship between {{c1::site of administered}} dose and the {{c1::intensity}} of t…
Published 01/30/2025 Types of drug responses: Graded dose-response curve: study of the continuum of responses produced by different doses of a drug; e.g. epinephrine …
Published 01/30/2025 Purpose of Dose-Response Studies:Used to measure the {{c1::potency}} of a drugUsed to measure the {{c2::intrinsic activity}} of a drug
Published 01/30/2025 On a GRADED CURVE: When you get to 50% ({{c1::y-axis}}) of the percent of maximal response, the spot it hits on the dose ({{c1::x-axis}}) is the ED50
Published 01/30/2025 ED50: dose where 50% of the {{c1::maximal drug response}} is obtained*if it were a quantal curve, you’d either get the response or not at ED50.You {{c…
Published 01/30/2025 {{c1::Drug potency}} is related to ED50 values of a drug; the {{c2::lower}} the ED50 of a drug the {{c2::higher}} the {{c1::potency}}.
Published 01/30/2025 All these drugs in this example have the same max response Drug A has an ED50 of 1mg, Drug B has an ED50 of 10mg, and drug C has ED50 of 100mgDru…
Published 01/30/2025 Potency can be used to compare different drugsDescribes the concentration or dosage of diff drugs required to produce a {{c1::similar effect}}Potency …
Published 01/30/2025 Intrinsic activity: a measure of the magnitude or intensity of a biological response produced, an ED100 drug dose relative to {{c1::the maximal a…
Published 01/30/2025 Drug potency and intrinsic activity {{c1::ARE NOT::are/not}} the same. 
Published 01/30/2025 Classification of drugs based upon their intrinsic activityagonists: drugs with {{c1::high}} intrinsic activitiesBinds to receptor and elicits re…
Published 01/30/2025 Nicotine Addiction: Behavioral ProfileSmoking: Back and forth between pleasure and craving due to using nicotinePatch: Back and forth between pleasure…
Published 01/30/2025 Chart with all the terms: Max attainable effect at 1Drug A, B, C, D and their ED50 (where 50% of that drug’s max response is obtained, {{c1::potency}}…
Published 01/30/2025 {{c1::ED100}} is where we start talking about intrinsic activityY-axis is intrinsic activityThe greater the magnitude (height) of the {{c1::ED100…
Published 01/30/2025 If we had to guess about agonists, partial agonists and antagonistsDrug {{c1::B}} would be the agonist, able to produce maximal effectDrug {{c2::D}} a…
Published 01/30/2025 Therapeutic index for a drug is a measure of  drug safety:  {{c1::LD50}}/ED50; the higher the value for the therapeutic index, the safe…
Published 01/30/2025 How are frequency distribution curves used to establish the therapeutic index of a drug?She thinks:{{c1::“We can graph a few dose response curves on a…
Published 01/30/2025 Therapeutic Range: {{c1::enough to produce a therapeutic effect, but not a toxic effect}}Uses these terms:{{c2::Lower Limit: The minimum effective con…
Published 01/30/2025 Different types of drug-target tissue interactions:structurally non-specific interactions; the physical presence of a drug in a target tissue is all t…
Published 01/30/2025 3 Sites of structurally specific binding between a drug & a target tissue:{{c1::membrane}} components: hormone or neurotransmitter receptors; ion …
Published 01/30/2025 membrane components: {{c1::hormone}} or neurotransmitter receptors; {{c1::ion}} channels (calcium channel blockers); {{c1::transport protein…
Published 01/30/2025 cellular organelles: chromosomes/{{c1::DNA}} target for cyclophosamide; {{c1::ribosomes}} target for some antibiotics like tetracycline; {{c…
Published 01/30/2025 enzymes: some drugs are {{c1::substrates}} for selected enzymes, L-DOPA; other drugs are {{c1::enzyme inhibitors}} like MAO inhibitors
Published 01/30/2025 One of most common sites of "drug-target tissue" interaction are receptors for hormones or neurotransmitters (G-protein coupled receptors)a. Functiona…
Published 01/30/2025 Drug or hormone binds (reversibly) to membrane bound receptor, initiating {{c1::a change in conformation}} that then allows for →Activation of 2n…
Published 01/30/2025 With this graphic, it shows:Membrane bound receptors at the very top, middle part is all the second messengers, regulatory proteins (aka effector mole…
Published 01/30/2025 The ability of a drug to bind to its receptor is called {{c1::affinity}}, strength of the attraction.The ability of the complex to activate a ST pathw…
Published 01/30/2025 Drug + receptor ⇔ Drug-receptor complex → ST → BRAffinity is a measure of the concentration of a drug that is needed to bind to a receptor.  Affi…
Published 01/30/2025 Drug potency is partially explained by the binding affinity of a drug for its receptor. Typically, the lower the concentration of a drug that bin…
Published 01/30/2025 Drug efficacy: Efficacy is a measure of the ability of the occupied receptor to trigger {{c1::ST}} events that leads to a {{c1::biological respon…
Published 01/30/2025 The efficacy of a drug is used to classify drugs as:agonists (high efficacy); Alpha value = {{c1::1}}partial agonists (moderate efficacy);&n…
Published 01/30/2025 Efficacy is a measure of the ability of the occupied receptor to trigger ST events that leads to a biological response (“lock and key” model). With th…
Published 01/30/2025 Summary Statements about affinity and efficacyDrugs can have an binding affinity for receptors {{c1::without::with/without}} having efficacy…
Published 01/30/2025 Summary Statements about efficacyDrugs that have little or no efficacy (intrinsic activity) are classified as {{c1::antagonists}} and drugs that …
Published 01/30/2025 When you see {{c1::ED50}}, you should already be thinking we’re talking about potency or affinity on the {{c1::x}}-axisWhen you see {{c1::ED100}}&nbsp…
Published 01/30/2025 Other Types of Drug Antagonism:{{c1::chemical}} antagonism: e.g. protamine is an antagonist to heparin because of its positive electrical charge that …
Published 01/30/2025 Classification of toxic side-effectsClass A SE’s: accounts for 80% of SE’s: {{c1::predictable and dose-dependent}}; either these SE’s can’t be av…
Published 01/30/2025 Mechanisms of drug toxicitya.  {{c1::exaggerated}} therapeutic effectsb.  {{c1::rebound}} responses are induced by abrupt drug withdrawal; t…
Published 01/30/2025 Mechanisms of drug toxicityd.  birth {{c1::defects}}/{{c1::developmental}} disordersTeratogensdevelopmental disorders (physical evidence for thes…
Published 01/30/2025 Mechanisms of drug toxicitye.  drug addictionf.  carcinogensg.  development of drug allergiesh.  drug-drug interactions: {{c1::ant…
Published 01/30/2025 Teratogens, stages of gestation/risks:{{c1::conception}} to formation of the three germ layers (0-2 weeks); {{c1::embryogenesis}} (3-8 weeks) for…
Published 01/30/2025 pregnancy categories = A (vit. B6 ); B (cimetidine); C (codeine); D (tetracycline); X (methotrexate, sex steroids)Category A: drug appear to be safe w…
Published 01/30/2025 drug addictionbiological basis for drug addiction; role of dopamine and behavioral characteristics associated with addictive behaviorsReward pathway i…
Published 01/30/2025 How can we turn it on/activate the reward/dopaminergic pathway? Increase {{c1::excitatory input}} to the pathway; increase activity in {{c1::neurons}}…
Published 01/30/2025 Schedule meds are classified based on their potential for abuseSchedule 1: no medical use or legal use, only registered research facilitiesdrugs …
Published 01/30/2025 development of tolerance/resistanceresistance: can be induced in target tissues by {{c1::chronic/excessive}} exposure to drugs, e.g. albuterolresistan…
Published 01/30/2025 {{c1::Pharmacogenomics}} is the study of how inherited variations in DNA ({{c2::polymorphisms}}) effect drug actions (can also be acquired genetic mut…
Published 01/30/2025 Role of SNPs in PharmacogeneticsSNP- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, major source of {{c1::variation}}Studies have verified that there are at least&n…
Published 01/30/2025 Biological consequences of genetic polymorphisms:Altered drug response →Pharmacokinetic changesPharmacodynamic changesPharmacotoxic changesDisease&nbs…
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacokinetic changesPseudocholinesterase deficiency can be caused by mutations in the BCHE (butrylcholinesterase) gene. Defects in this enzyme…
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacodynamic changes: (alterations in target tissue functions)patients with variants in the genes that code for the β1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) …
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacotoxicology changes:patients with variants in the gene that codes for CYP2C9 often have an increased risk of toxicity from warfarin, an anticoa…
Published 01/30/2025 Genetic Screening, pharmacogenomics Currently, there are more than 200 drugs whose labeling includes pharmacogenetic information. ‘Test required’…
Published 01/30/2025 Use of genetic screens in pharmacology: (personalized medicine) Pharmacogenetics can define {{c1::populations}} that can benefit most from a drug.pred…
Published 01/30/2025 Perinatal and Pediatric Pharmacologya.  these specializations are the most “unsettled” sub-disciplines in pharmacology    &nb…
Published 01/30/2025 sub-divisions of the pediatric population:premature infants (less than {{c1::36}} weeks gestational age) full-term infants ({{c1::36}}-40 weeks gestat…
Published 01/30/2025 age-related changes in organ functions:Less {{c1::plasma protein binding capacity}} before that age, can really affect the drugs that are bound thereT…
Published 01/30/2025 principles for drug treatment in children:  very young patients less than one year of age and especially premature infants and children less than…
Published 01/30/2025 characteristics of drug use in geriatric patients                &nbsp…
Published 01/30/2025 drug effects in the elderly         Typically older patients are more sensitive to drugs than younger patients…
Published 01/30/2025 etiology of adverse drug responses in older adults                 &nb…
Published 01/30/2025 With clinical testing on drugs, the two applications are an IND and a NDA. IND- Sponsor submits app to FDA based on the results from initial test…
Published 01/30/2025 ADR A --> FType A: {{c1::pharmacological}} rxns, 85-90% of ADRsType B: {{c1::idiosyncratic}} 10-15% of ADRsType C: from {{…
Published 01/30/2025 Type I immune-mediated rxns (IgE-mediated, intermediate -type hypersensitivityProvoked by reexposure to an {{c1::antigen}}Can be local or systemic, in…
Published 01/30/2025 Type II hypersensitivity rxn (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity)In blood or on cells, antibodies unite w/antigens or haptens and induce {{c1::destructio…
Published 01/30/2025 Type III hypersensitivity rxn (immune complex hypersensitivity)When aggregates of antigens and IgG and IgM antibodies create insoluble {{c1::immune co…
Published 01/30/2025 Type IV hypersensitivity rxn (cell-mediated or delayed-type hypersensitivity)NOT ANTIBODIES{{c1::Cell-mediated}} response that results in activation a…
Published 01/30/2025 A. Biological Characteristics of Cancer Cells:cells exhibit {{c1::persistent}} proliferationNot always rapid growthUnresp to feedback mechanisms that …
Published 01/30/2025 B. Strategies for Antineoplastic Drug Treatment{{c1::chemotherapy}} is the treatment of choice for disseminated or {{c1::metastatic}} forms of cancer …
Published 01/30/2025 C. *Categories of Antineoplastic Drugs{{c1::Cytotoxic}} medications: drugs that cause cellular injury; treatment often referred to as “chemotherapy” t…
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Action for antineoplastics:Hormones can implement {{c1::cell division}} by interacting with a specific receptor Intrac…
Published 01/30/2025 Mechanisms of action, how we can treat cancer cells{{c1::endocrine}} manipulationinhibition of DNA {{c1::replication}}inhibition of {{c1::RNA}} and pr…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine manipulation: 20% male cancers and 40% of female cancers grow in response to {{c1::sex steroids}}; one treatment strategy is to interfere wi…
Published 01/30/2025 leuprolide is a long-acting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor agonist that eventually suppresses the release of LH, FSH; this effect redu…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine manipulation for cancersstrategy: block the synthesis of estradiol (form of estrogen)anastrozole: aromatase inhibitor; used to treat estroge…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of cancersstrategy: block the synthesis of testosterone abiraterone: is a cytochrome P450 (CYP17) inhibitor; used to treat meta…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation for Cancersstrategy: hormone receptor antagonistsThese will block hormone receptors that normally have a {{c1::positive}} effec…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation for Cancer CellsStrategy: hormone receptor agonistsThese activate a hormone that has an {{c1::inhibitory}} effect on the leukoc…
Published 01/30/2025 While the endocrine disruptors have the overall effect of decreased cell division, it’s through {{c1::disrupting a pathway}}. The cytotoxic meds …
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of Cancer Cells Inhibition of DNA replication: cyclophosphamide and cisplatin bind to DNA and inhibit DNA replication (cyt…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of Cancer Cells Inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis: actinomycin D binds to DNA and inhibits the catalytic activity of…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of Cancer CellsInhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6: palbociclib.   CDK4/6 are regulators of DNA synt…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of Cancer CellsReduce nutrient levels in the blood that supports the metabolism of cancer cells:asparaginase can catalyze the c…
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of Cancer Cellsantimetabolites can inhibit enzymes that produce {{c1::intermediates}} that are needed for cancer cell division …
Published 01/30/2025 Endocrine Manipulation of Cancer CellsInhibition of spindle fiber formation (cytotoxic):vincristine/vinblastine inhibit microtubule {{c1::polymerizati…
Published 01/30/2025 Cancer cell growth supported by the  activation of oncogenes:Oncogenes are cancer causing genes that cause the production of {{c1::aberrant recep…
Published 01/30/2025 Proteins are expressed by oncogenes can fall into several categories: Growth factors and cytokinesCan be expressed without {{c1::any of the normal sti…
Published 01/30/2025 Kinases (and particularly tyrosine kinases) generally {{c1::phosphorylate}} other proteins and turn them {{c1::on}}, so it’s sort of a key for that si…
Published 01/30/2025 Meds that interact with the proteins that could be turned on or activated by oncogenes:Herceptina monoclonal antibody that binds to the HER2 protein o…
Published 01/30/2025 Meds that interact with the proteins that could be turned on or activated by oncogenes:(TK) Tyrosine kinase inhibitorsBind to/shut down signaling in t…
Published 01/30/2025 Meds that interact with the proteins that could be turned on or activated by oncogenes:(VEGF) Vascular Endothelial-derived Growth Factor inhibitorsmon…
Published 01/30/2025 Meds that interact with the proteins that could be turned on or activated by oncogenes:(PARPs) Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitorsFamily of relate…
Published 01/30/2025 Combination chemotherapy very common; e.g.  CMF: cyclophosamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil used in the treatment of breast carcinomaadv…
Published 02/06/2025 Pharmacotoxicology of Antineoplastic Drugsnon-selective effects of drugs on cell division: chemotherapeutic agents do not differentiate between normal…
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacotoxicology of Antineoplastic Drugsdevelopment of drug resistance by cancer cells, mechanisms:increased production of {{c1::conjugation}} …
Published 01/30/2025 Pharmacotoxicology of Antineoplastic Drugs{{c1::organ}}-specific drug  toxicities: e.g. cisplatin is renotoxic, bleomycin toxic to the lungs
Published 01/30/2025 Cancer Immunotherapy: A new era in cancer therapy?Reports of amazing cures have been documented where patients remain cancer free for yearsThe goal of…
Published 01/30/2025 Forms of Immunity (Protection)Skin and mucous membranes (barrierSecretions: mucous and {{c1::enzymes}} (saliva/tears/skin)Inflammation (“to set o…
Published 01/30/2025 {{c1::Acquired}} immunity     ↓ repeated exposure to an antigen (foreign, “non-self” substance) created by infectio…
Published 01/30/2025 Approaches to Immunotherapy in Cancer TreatmentAcquired immunity     ↓ repeated exposure to an antigen (foreign, “non-se…
Published 01/30/2025 Currently, only a fraction of patients respond to immunotherapy and immunotherapy only works on a subset of cancers.The dream of the medical community…
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