Notes in 08 Inhalation Anesthetics

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Published	12/13/2023	Increases in the {{c1::fresh gas flow}} rate on the anesthesia machine leads to a faster onset of anesthesia.
Published	12/13/2023	The greater the uptake of inhalation anesthetic, the {{c1::slower::faster/slower}} the rise of the {{c2::alveolar}} concentration.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::higher::higher/lower}} the {{c2::blood-gas}} coefficient, the greater the anesthetic's {{c3::solubility}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Increased cardiac output is associated with a {{c1::delayed::accelerated/delayed}} onset of anesthetics because of the {{c2::slower::slower/faster}} r…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::vessel rich}} tissue group is comprised of the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and endocrine organs.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::highly perfused, vessel rich}} tissue group is the {{c1::first::first/last}} group to reach steady state.
Published	12/13/2023	A higher {{c2::concentration}} of anesthetic gases increases the inspired alveolar partial pressure, resulting in a {{c1::faster}} onset of anesthetic…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Meyer-Overton}} rule is the observation that the potency of inhalation agents correlates directly with their {{c2::lipid solubility}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The MAC of an inhaled anesthetic is the {{c1::alveolar concentration}} that prevents movement in {{c2::50}}% of patients in response to a standardized…
Published	12/13/2023	The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) decreases by {{c1::6}}% per decade of age.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Hypo}}thermia {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Young}} age increases MAC, while {{c1::old}} age decreases MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Acute}} EtOH intoxication {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	Severe hypercarbia causes a {{c1::decrease::increase/decrease}} in the MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	Conditions that {{c2::impair}} O2 delivery {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	Hypercalcemia {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	Preganancy {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	In pregnancy, MAC is decreased by {{c1::⅓}} at 8 weeks gestation and returns to normal by {{c2::72}} hours postpartum.
Published	12/13/2023	Local anesthetics {{c1::decrease::increases/decreases}} MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	Use of CNS depressants such as opioids, α2 agonists, and lithium {{c1::decrease::increases/decreases}} MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	Chronic amphetamine use {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Sympathomimetics}} are the only drugs that increase MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	Nitrous oxide stimulates the {{c1::sympathetic::sympathetic/parasympathetic}} nervous system.
Published	12/13/2023	While nitrous oxide does not decrease the overall {{c1::minute ventilation}}, it will depress the {{c2::hypoxic drive}} mediated by the peripheral che…
Published	12/13/2023	The only inhaled anesthetic that increases cerebral oxygen consumption is {{c1::nitrous oxide}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Nitrous oxide inhibits vitamin {{c2::B12}} by irreversibly oxidizing the {{c1::cobalt}} atom.
Published	12/13/2023	Nitrous oxide inhibits enzymes that are dependent on vitamin {{c3::B12}} such as {{c1::methionine}} synthetase and {{c2::thymidylate}} synthetase.&nbs…
Published	12/13/2023	Prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide can result in {{c1::megaloblastic anemia}} from {{c2::bone marrow}} suppression.
Published	12/13/2023	Nitrous oxide is contraindicated in surgeries involving {{c1::air containing cavities}} due to differences in its {{c2::solubility}}.
Published	12/13/2023	All inhaled anesthetics increase the {{c1::apneic threshold}}, which is the highest PaCO2 at which a patient remains apneic.
Published	12/13/2023	All inhaled anesthetics produce dose-dependent decreases of the ventilatory response to {{c2::hypoxia}} and {{c1::hypercarbia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Halothane}} and {{c1::sevoflurane}} are the inhaled anesthetics that produce the most bronchodilation.
Published	12/13/2023	All volatile anesthetics cause an increased {{c2::intracranial pressure (ICP)}} by blunting {{c1::cerebral autoregulation}} and causing cerebral vaso{…
Published	12/13/2023	All volatile anesthetics may cause a rise in intracranial pressure, which can be attenuated with {{c1::hyperventilation}} prior to administration.&nbs…
Published	12/13/2023	All inhalational anesthetics {{c1::relax::contracts/relaxes}} skeletal muscle and {{c2::potentiates::inhibits/potentiates}} non-depolarizing neuromusc…
Published	12/13/2023	Halothane is {{c1::oxidized::reduced/oxidized}} in the {{c2::liver}} by CYP-{{c3::2E1}} to {{c4::trifluoroacetic acid}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Halothane hepatitis}} is a rare complication of halothane that is characterized by elevated AST/ALT/bilirubin and encephalopathy.
Published	12/13/2023	Rapid increases in isoflurane concentration lead to transient increases in {{c1::sympathetic}} nervous system activity.
Published	12/13/2023	All inhaled anesthetics dilate the {{c1::coronary}} arteries, which can lead to {{c1::coronary steal}} syndrome.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Iso}}flurane and {{c2::des}}flurane are metabolized to {{c1::trifluoroacetic acid}} by CYP-{{c3::2E1}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Rapid increases in desflurane concentration lead to transient increases in {{c1::sympathetic}} nervous system activity.
Published	12/13/2023	All volatile anesthetics will cause a {{c1::decrease}} in the cerebral metabolic rate.
Published	12/13/2023	Desflurane undergoes minimal metabolism and does not produce {{c2::fluoride}} when metabolized, so it is suitable for patients with {{c1::renal and he…
Published	12/13/2023	Sevoflurane is the preferred volatile anesthetic for induction because of its lack of {{c1::pungency}} and rapid {{c2::onset}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Sevoflurane produces a relatively {{c1::small::small/large}} amount of decrease in the SVR and blood pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	All volatile anesthetics may cause {{c1::QT prolongation}} from inhibition of the {{c2::SA}} node and {{c3::His-Purkinje}} conduction pathways.
Published	12/13/2023	All inhalational agents produce a {{c1::rapid, shallow}} breathing pattern.
Published	12/13/2023	Sevoflurane is metabolized to {{c1::fluoride}} by the liver, which has potential nephrotoxic effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Sevoflurane undergoes {{c2::temperature}}-dependent degradation to {{c1::compound A}} by baralyme and soda lime.
Published	12/13/2023	Xenon inhibits {{c1::NMDA}} receptors by competing with {{c1::glycine}} at its binding site.
Published	12/13/2023	Xenon has {{c1::little::significant/little}} effect on cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal systems.
Published	12/13/2023	General anesthesia {{c1::decreases}} the functional residual capacity.
Published	12/13/2023	The MAC value for isoflurane is {{c1::1.2}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	The MAC value for nitrous oxide is {{c1::105}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	The MAC value for desflurane is {{c1::6.0}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	The MAC value for sevoflurane is {{c1::2.0}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	Inhalational anesthetics with a {{c1::lower::higher/lower}} blood-gas coefficient have a {{c2::faster::faster/slower}} onset.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Increases}} in ventilation will speed up induction and recovery of a patient with inhalational anesthetics.
Published	12/13/2023	The second gas effect:Use of {{c2::high::high/low}} concentrations of a {{c1::low::high/low}} solubility agent such as N2O will speed up the uptake of…
Published	12/13/2023	The blood-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for sevoflurane is {{c1::0.6}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The blood-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for nitrous oxide is {{c1::0.47}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The blood-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for desflurane is {{c1::0.42}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The oil-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for desflurane is {{c1::18.7}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The oil-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for sevoflurane is {{c1::50}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The oil-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for isoflurane is {{c1::99}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The oil-gas partition coefficient at 37°C for nitrous oxide is {{c1::1.4}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Increased cardiac output slows the onset of all anesthetics. Anesthetic agents with the {{c1::highest}} blood-gas solubility are slowed the most.&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2023	Emergence after anesthesia with {{c1::nitrous oxide}} can cause a transient {{c2::diffusion hypoxia}} because of the displacement of alveolar {{c3::ox…
Published	12/13/2023	What effect does obesity have on the uptake of inhaled anesthetics?{{c1::None}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Immobility}} from volatile anesthetics is mediated at the {{c3::ventral horn}} of the spinal cord.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Chronic}} EtOH abuse {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} MAC due to enzyme induction.
Published	12/13/2023	Severe hyperthermia (> 42°C) {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Hyper}}natremia {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Hypo}}natremia {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Analgesia}} from volatile anesthetics is mediated via the {{c1::spinothalamic}} tract in the spinal cord.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Amnesia}} from volatile anesthetics is mediated at the {{c1::amygdala}} and the {{c1::hippocampus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c3::MACBAR}} is the alveolar concentation of anesthetic that blunts the {{c1::autonomic response}} to stimuli. It is about {{c2::1.6}} time…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::MACAwake}} is the alveolar concentation of anesthetic that blunts the {{c1::response to commands}}.
Published	12/13/2023	At equilibrium, the partial pressure of anesthetics in the {{c1::alveoli}} is equivalent to the partial pressure in the {{c2::brain}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Red::color}}-headed {{c1::females::gender}} have increased MAC requirements.
Published	12/13/2023	Metabolic alkalosis {{c1::has no effect on::increases/decreases}} MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	The Meyer-Overton rule postulates that anesthesia is caused by the {{c2::number}} of molecules dissolved in the {{c1::lipid cell membrane}}.&nbsp…
Published	12/13/2023	One implication of the Meyer-Overton rule is that combinations of inhaled anesthetics have {{c1::additive}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::critical volume hypothesis}} suggests that anesthetic binding causes {{c1::swelling}} of the lipid bilayer, which distorts membrane cha…
Published	12/13/2023	The protein receptor/ion channel hypothesis of anesthetic action is based on the observation that certain anesthetic {{c1::stereoisomers}} are more po…
Published	12/13/2023	The protein receptor/ion channel hypothesis of anesthetic action states that inhaled anesthetics bind to {{c1::protein receptors}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Anesthetics inhibit the CNS by potentiating the action of {{c1::GABA}} receptors and {{c2::glycine}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	Anesthetics inhibit the CNS by potentiating {{c1::two-pore potassium}} channels, which causes hyperpolarization of the cell membrane.
Published	12/13/2023	Anesthetics inhibit the CNS by inhibiting excitatory {{c1::NMDA}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	Volatile anesthetics cause CNS depression by inhibiting {{c1::HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated)}} channels.
Published	12/13/2023	Anesthetics inhibit the CNS by decreasing the presynaptic sodium channel release of {{c1::glutamate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Of the three most commonly used inhaled anesthetics, which one is not completely fluorinated?{{c1::Isoflurane}}
Published	12/13/2023	What inhaled anesthetic is contraindicated in patients with a pneumothorax or a venous air embolism?{{c1::Nitrous oxide}}
Published	12/13/2023	Prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide can result in neurological deficiencies such as {{c1::peripheral neuropathy}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c3::Nitrous oxide::inhaled anesthetic}} is not used in pregnant women in the {{c2::1st and 2nd}} trimester because of possible {{c1::teratogeni…
Published	12/13/2023	The minimum fresh gas flow for sevoflurane for cases longer than {{c2::2}} hours is {{c1::2}} L/min.
Published	12/13/2023	In general, the cardiac output is well-maintained with {{c1::iso}}flurane and {{c1::des}}flurane.
Published	12/13/2023	Higher concentrations of {{c1::nitrous oxide}} are used to reduce the incidence of uterine atony after a C-section done under general anesth…
Published	12/13/2023	Halothane hepatitis is caused by circulating {{c2::IgG}} antibodies reacting with the {{c1::trifluoroacetyl (TFA)}} metabolite.
Published	12/13/2023	Halothane hepatitis is an {{c2::immune}}-mediated process, as evidenced by {{c1::rashes}} and {{c1::eosinophilia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Sevoflurane}} is the only volatile anesthetic not metabolized to {{c3::trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics will decrease the cerebral {{c2::metabolic rate}} until an {{c1::isoelectric EEG}} is reached.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c3::Uncoupling}} is the phenomenon in which the {{c1::CMRO2}} decreases despite increases in the {{c2::cerebral blood flow}} when volatile anes…
Published	12/13/2023	What inhaled anesthetic decreases CSF production?{{c1::Sevoflurane}}
Published	12/13/2023	All volatile anesthetics produce dose-dependent {{c1::decreases}} on the EEG, sensory-evoked potentials (SEPs), and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs).&nb…
Published	12/13/2023	Volatile anesthetics will cause {{c1::decreased}} frequency and {{c1::increased}} amplitudes on the EEG until {{c2::burst suppression}} is reache…
Published	12/13/2023	Volatile anesthetics will caused {{c1::decreased}} amplitudes and {{c1::increased}} latencies on the somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP).
Published	12/13/2023	Decreased amplitude and increased latency on a somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) are indicative of {{c1::spinal cord ischemia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The residual effects of inhaled anesthetics on the {{c2::peripheral}} chemoreceptors can cause post-operative {{c1::hypoventilation}} for patients wit…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Nitrous oxide::inhaled aneshtetic}} is contraindicated in patients with pre-existing pulmonary hypertension.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Sevo}}flurane has no effect on {{c2::AV}} conduction pathways, making it the preferred choice for ablation procedures.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Nitrous oxide}} is the only inhaled anesthetic that will increase the systemic vascular resistance.
Published	12/13/2023	Desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane all decrease arterial blood pressure by decreasing {{c1::systemic vascular resistance}} and {{c1::contractilit…
Published	12/13/2023	At 1 MAC, {{c1::iso}}flurane and {{c1::des}}flurane will increase the heart rate.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Sevo}}flurane slightly decreases the cardiac output.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Sevoflurane::inhaled anesthetic}} only increases heart rate at about {{c1::1.5}} MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	Rapid increases in desflurane concentration increase circulating {{c1::catecholamine}} levels due to the {{c2::pungency}} of the anesthetic.
Published	12/13/2023	What metabolite of sevoflurane is nephrotoxic?{{c1::Fluoride}}
Published	12/13/2023	Diffusion hypoxia can be prevented by administration of {{c1::100% O2}} during emergence.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::vessel-rich}} tissue group comprises 10% of the body weight and receives {{c2::75}}% of the cardiac output.
Published	12/13/2023	After the vessel-rich group becomes saturated with anesthetics, the {{c1::muscle}} group becomes responsible for tissue uptake.
Published	12/13/2023	Which tissue group serves as a high-capacity reservoir for anesthetics that equilibrates slowly?{{c1::Fats}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which vessel group does not meaningfully contribute to anesthetic uptake?{{c1::Vessel-poor group}}
Published	12/13/2023	Metabolic acidosis {{c1::decreases::increases/decreases}} MAC.
Published	12/13/2023	Volatile anesthetics bind to {{c2::GABAA}} receptors in the brain and increases the {{c1::duration::duration/intensity}} of openings.
Published	12/13/2023	The best anesthetic technique to preserve evoked potentials is {{c1::TIVA}}.
Published	12/13/2023	If inhaled agents are used when monitoring evoked potentials, it should be done with {{c1::< 0.5}} MAC, and {{c2::nitrous oxide}} should not be use…
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