Notes in #1 UNC SOM Overkill Deck

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CBL
Clin_Epi
PALS
Qmax

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/07/2024	Erector spinae consists of: {{c1::Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis}}
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Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::Serratus Anterior}} is innervated by the {{c2::Long Thoracic}} nerve.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Eosin}} staining is red and typically stains {{c2::positively charged cytoplasm and protein.}}
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Hematoxylin}} is blue and binds to {{c2::DNA}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::musculocutaneous}} nerve innervates the (3) {{c2::coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The nucleus pulposis contains type {{c1::II}} collagen.
Published	11/07/2024	The lamina propria of the GI tract is primarily composed of {{c1::loose (areolar)}} connective tissue.
Published	11/07/2024	Steps of collagen synthesis by fibroblasts (8):INTRACELLULAR1. {{c1::Preprocollagen (alpha-chains) are synthesized.}}2. {{c1::Hydroxylation of Pro (P)…
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::palmar branch}} of the median nerve does not travel through the carpal tunnel.
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Published	11/07/2024	In a plasma cell, the characteristic "clock-face" of the nucleus is made up of {{c1::heterochromatin}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Regulated}} secretion {{c3::is::is/ is not}} signal-directed and uses {{c1::secretory granules}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Constitutive}} secretion {{c2::is NOT::is/is not}} signal-directed and {{c2::contains::contains/does not contain}} storage granules.
Published	11/07/2024	Lysosomes are dense {{c1::membrane-bound}} organelles that function in {{c2::degrading material}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Lysosomes maintain their pH via {{c1::ATP-powered proton pumps}} located on their membrane.
Published	11/07/2024	Mitochondrial DNA is {{c2::circular, not paired/diploid::linear, paired/diploid or circular, not paired/diploid}} and {{c1::polycistronic::monocistron…
Published	11/07/2024	In most body cells, electron microscopy of mitochondria will show {{c1::plate-like (little lines)}} cristae.
Published	11/07/2024	In {{c2::steroid-secreting}} cells, electron microscopy of mitochondria will show {{c1::tubulovesicular (small white circles)}} cristae.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Inclusions}} are cellular accumulations of material that are not metabolically active.
Published	11/07/2024	The nucleus is {{c1::basophilic::basophilic/eosinophilic}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The inner nuclear membrane is supported by the {{c1::nuclear lamina}}, composed of {{c2::lamins (A, B, and C)}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Lamins}} are essential during mitosis in disassembly or reassembly of the {{c1::nuclear envelope}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the {{c1::RER}}, and its cytoplasmic side is studded with ribosomes.
Published	11/07/2024	Nuclear lamins type A, B, and C are {{c1::intermediate filaments}} that support the inner nuclear membrane.
Published	11/07/2024	The nuclear pore complex (NPC) uses receptor-mediated transport. A specific amino acid sequence known as the {{c1::nuclear localization signal (NLS)}}…
Published	11/07/2024	In order for proteins to exit the nucleus, they must have a {{c1::nuclear export sequence (NES)}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The majority of the cell's ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced within the {{c1::nucleolus}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The nucleoskeleton (nuclear matrix) supports critical nuclear functions, including {{c1::transcription}}, mRNA processing, and receptor binding.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Barr bodies}} are typically seen in females, where one of the two X chromosomes within a cell is always present in an inactivated state as hete…
Published	11/07/2024	Mitochondria contain enzymes needed for the processes of {{c1::fatty acid β-oxidation}}, {{c1::acetyl-CoA production}}, {{c1::ketogenesis}}, the {{c1:…
Published	11/07/2024	Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lack histones, significant DNA repair mechanisms, is double-stranded, and is {{c1::circular::shape}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is reponsible for:1. Synthesizing {{c1::steroid hormones}}, {{c1::fatty acids}}, and {{c1::phospholipids}}2. {{…
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Published	11/07/2024	Peroxisomes are small, {{c1::single::single/double?}}-membrane–bound, spherical vesicles found in eukaryotic cells.
Published	11/07/2024	Peroxisomes form by budding off from the {{c1::endoplasmic reticulum}} and divide by fission.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Peroxins (PEX)}} are a family of receptor proteins located within the peroxisomal membrane.
Published	11/07/2024	Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in {{c1::β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids}}, {{c1::α-oxidation}}, {{c1::cholesterol synthesis}}, and {{…
Published	11/07/2024	Peroxisomes contain the enzyme {{c1::catalase}}, which reduces hydrogen peroxide to water.
Published	11/07/2024	Very-long-chain fatty acids are broken down via β-oxidation within the {{c1::peroxisome}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Peroxisomal β-oxidation is not coupled to {{c1::ATP}} synthesis.
Published	11/07/2024	Peroxisomes have their own {{c1::carnitine acetyltransferase}} for transporting activated acyl groups out of the peroxisome and into the mitochondri…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Inhibition::Inhibition/overactivation}} of the proteasome leads to apoptosis, whereas proteasome {{c1::overactivation::inhibition/overactivation…
Published	11/07/2024	Proteasomal degradation involves {{c1::selective}} protein degradation in eukaryotic cells and requires {{c1::ubiquitin}} to mark targe…
Published	11/07/2024	Lysosomal protein degradation is {{c2::nonselective}} and results in the slow degradation of long-lived cytoplasmic enzymes and extracellular pro…
Published	11/07/2024	Ubiquitin conjugation cascade adds ubiquitin to {{c1::lysine}} residues on target proteins.
Published	11/07/2024	Ubiquitin activation enzyme (E1): {{c1::activates and transfers ubiquitin to carrier protein E2}}Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2): {{c1::presents ubi…
Published	11/07/2024	Ubiquitination is {{c1::reversible::irreversible/reversible?}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Parkinson disease is linked to defects in the {{c1::ubiquitin-proteasome::degradation}} system.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Poly::Mono/Poly?}}ubiquitinated proteins are trafficked to the proteasome for destruction.
Published	11/07/2024	Proteasomes have a proteolytic core ({{c1::20}}S subunit) and one or two regulatory particles ({{c1::19}}S subunit) that form an enzymatically active …
Published	11/07/2024	The rate-limiting/regulated steps of glycolysis are:1. {{c1::Hexokinase or glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (glucose-6-P).}}2. {{c2…
Published	11/07/2024	Glucokinase acts in the {{c2::liver}} and {{c2::pancreas}} only when glucose levels are {{c1::high}}.
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Published	11/07/2024	Blood has four main components:1. {{c1::RBCs}}2. {{c1::WBCs}}3. {{c1::Platelets}}4. {{c1::Plasma}}
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c1::buffy coat}} layer of centrifuged blood consists of {{c2::WBCs}} and {{c2::platelets}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Macrophages are also known as {{c1::histiocytes}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Platelets are fragments of cytoplasm shed off from {{c1::megakaryocytes}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Megakaryocytes reside in {{c1::bone marrow}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Plasma is composed primarily of {{c1::water}}, protein, and inorganic salts.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Oncotic}} pressure is a form of osmotic pressure induced by proteins.
Published	11/07/2024	Albumin is important in drawing fluid from the {{c1::tissues::tissues/capillaries?}} and into the {{c1::capillaries::tissues/capillaries?}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The most abundant protein in plasma is {{c1::albumin}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Clotting factors are found in {{c1::plasma::plasma/serum}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Plasma {{c1::fractionation}} separates plasma's key components.
Published	11/07/2024	Excess blood loss depletes clotting factors, which can be replenished by transfusing {{c1::fresh frozen plasma (FFP)}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Plasmapharesis}} is the continuous removal of blood from the body, separation of it into plasma and cells, and replacement of the patient’s pla…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Osmolality}} is the concentration of an osmotic solution per {{c1::kilogram of solvent}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Plasmapheresis::Procedure}} can help remove harmful circulating antibodies (autoantibodies) or other proteins.
Published	11/07/2024	Erythrocytes (RBCs) are red because they mostly consist of {{c1::hemoglobin}}.
Published	11/07/2024	RBCs {{c1::reversibly::irreversibly/reversibly}} bind oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Published	11/07/2024	RBCs' {{c1::biconcave}} shape yields a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which facilitates gas exchange.
Published	11/07/2024	RBCs' biconcave shape is maintained via its lipid bilayer proteins joining to form a {{c1::cytoskeleton}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Spectrin}} is a calcium-dependent contractile protein that forms chains of heterodimers {{c1::(ɑ- and β-spectrin)}}, which join at the junctiona…
Published	11/07/2024	In RBC cytoskeletal lattices, the {{c1::junctional complex}} is composed of {{c3::spectrin dimers}}, actin, band {{c2::4.1::number}}, and actin-bindin…
Published	11/07/2024	In RBCs, the cytoskeletal lattice is anchored to the cell membrane by: 1. {{c1::Ankyrin}}2. {{c1::Band 3}}3. {{c1::Band 4.1}}4. {{c1::Band 4.2}}
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Hereditary spherocytosis}} results from molecular defects in genes that code for RBC membrane proteins or anchoring proteins. This leads to cyt…
Published	11/07/2024	Sideroblastic anemia can result from a vitamin {{c1::B6 (pyridoxine)}} deficiency.
Published	11/07/2024	The main product of heme catabolism is {{c1::bilirubin}}.
Published	11/07/2024	The liver conjugates bilirubin, making it {{c1::water-soluble}}.
Published	11/07/2024	In the intestines, bacteria produce {{c1::β-glucuronidase}} which hydrolyzes glucuronic acid, reforming unconjugated bilirubin.
Published	11/07/2024	In the intestines, bacterial-mediated processes convert unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin into {{c2::urobilinogen}} (a colorless pigment), which is re…
Published	11/07/2024	Via enterohepatic circulation, {{c2::urobilinogen}} can either be:(1) transported via the blood to the liver and re-excreted into the bile or (2…
Published	11/07/2024	Each heme group is surrounded by a globular polypeptide molecule called a {{c1::globin chain}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)}} stabilizes the T (taut) form of hemoglobin, which has {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} affin…
Published	11/07/2024	2,3-BPG causes a {{c1::rightward}} shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Rightward}} shifts of the oxygen-hemoglobin curve result from:1. {{c1::Increased temperature}}2. {{c1::Increased H+}}3. {{c1::Increased 2,3-BPG}…
Published	11/07/2024	In healthy adults, the most common type of hemoglobin is {{c1::hemoglobin A1}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Embryonic hemoglobin is produced in the yolk sac during the third week of pregnancy until approximately {{c1::3}} months’ gestation.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Fetal}} hemoglobin ({{c1::HbF}}) is produced from three months gestation up until 4 to 6 months after birth.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::2,3-BPG}} has less of an effect on fetal hemoglobin (HbF) than it does on maternal HbA1.
Published	11/07/2024	Hemoglobin F has a {{c1::stronger::weaker/stronger}} affinity for oxygen than HbA1.
Published	11/07/2024	The switch from hemoglobin F to adult hemoglobin A1 occurs at around {{c1::6}} months of age.
Published	11/07/2024	Hemoglobin with two α chains and two δ chains is called hemoglobin {{c1::A2}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Ferrous::Ferric/Ferrous}} iron is reduced, Fe+2{{c1::Ferric::Ferric/Ferrous}} iron is oxidized, Fe+3
Published	11/07/2024	Heme-bound {{c2::ferrous::ferric/ferrous}} iron is directly absorbed via {{c1::heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1)}} by enterocytes in the duodenum.
Published	11/07/2024	Non-heme-bound ferric iron is reduced by {{c1::ferrireductase}} before being transported into the enterocyte by {{c2::divalent metal transport 1 …
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Ferritin}} binds to iron for intracellular storage.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Hepcidin}} reduces levels of {{c2::ferroportin}}, preventing iron from entering the blood.
Published	11/07/2024	The {{c2::kidney}} releases the hormone {{c1::erythropoietin}} to stimulate RBC production in bone marrow.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Erythropoietin}} inhibits hepatic hepcidin production, which {{c2::raises::lowers/raises}} serum iron levels.
Published	11/07/2024	Only {{c1::ferric (Fe3+)::ferric/ferrous}} iron can be transported by {{c2::transferrin}} in the bloodstream.
Published	11/07/2024	On a serum iron panel, {{c1::transferrin}} saturation best reflects the body’s ability to meet iron requirements.
Published	11/07/2024	Transferrin receptors are rich in the {{c1::liver}}, spleen, and erythroid precursor cells.
Published	11/07/2024	Prolonged inflammatory conditions such as in rheumatoid arthritis can result in {{c1::anemia}}.
Published	11/07/2024	In adults RBCs have a lifespan of about {{c1::120}} days before being removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver.
Published	11/07/2024	Order of fetal erythropoiesis locations: {{c1::Yolk sac}} -> {{c1::Liver}} -> {{c1::Spleen}} -> {{c1::Bone marrow}}
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Published	11/07/2024	Order of erythropoiesis stages: 1. {{c1::Proerythroblast}}2. {{c1::Basophilic Erythroblast}}3. {{c1::Polychromatophilic Eryth…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Proerythroblast}} stem cells differentiate from myeloid cells. They are very large cells with super-fine chromatin, prominent nucleoli, and…
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Basophilic}} Erythroblast have a darker cytoplasm due to the presence of numerous free ribosomes.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Polychromatophilic}} Erythroblasts have ribosomes producing hemoglobin, showing a hint of pink in the blue cytoplasm.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Orthochromatophillic}} Erythroblasts (Normoblasts) resemble a "fried egg" with a very dense, dark, and small nucleus.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Reticulocytes}} form when the nucleus is extruded from the developing RBC.
Published	11/07/2024	Reticulocytes that lose their {{c1::RNA}} and develop a biconcave disk shape are now mature erythrocytes.
Published	11/07/2024	At low blood iron levels and during tissue hypoxia, {{c1::hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF)}} stimulate renal EPO production.
Published	11/07/2024	Erythropoietin binding to RBC progenitor cell receptors stimulates RBC maturation by activating a {{c1::JAK/STAT}} tyrosine kinase signaling casc…
Published	11/07/2024	At birth, the majority of erythropoiesis arises from the {{c1::bone marrow}}.
Published	11/07/2024	CO prevents O2 molecules from {{c1::being released from hemoglobin}} on red blood cells (RBCs).
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Cyanide (CN)::CO or CN?}} inhibits the final step of oxidative phosphorylation in tissues.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Carbon monoxide (CO)}} is released on incomplete combustion of most hydrocarbon compounds.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Cyanide (HCN)}} is released on combustion of many plastics and rubber.
Published	11/07/2024	CN poisoning can occur after excessive oral ingestion of foods, such as {{c1::apricot seeds}}, {{c2::lima beans}}, and almonds.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Carbon monoxide}} poisoning initially causes nonspecific neurologic features, such as headaches, confusion, fatigue, vertigo, paresthesia, and n…
Published	11/07/2024	High circulating levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) form due to {{c1::carbon monoxide}} poisoning.
Published	11/07/2024	Cyanide poisoning presents with {{c1::nonspecific}} neurologic symptoms, and cell necrosis can lead to chest pain, dyspnea, and cyanosis.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Carbon monoxide}} outcompetes O2 for hemoglobin binding sites due to its strong affinity for heme.
Published	11/07/2024	Carbon monoxide poisoning shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the {{c1::left}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Carbon monoxide can bind muscular {{c1::myoglobin}}, preventing O2 release.
Published	11/07/2024	Carbon monoxide poisoning can lead to {{c1::lactic acidosis}} due to tissue hypoxia causing anaerobic respiration.
Published	11/07/2024	Prolonged {{c1::sodium nitroprusside}} administration can cause {{c2::cyanide poisoning}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c2::Cyanide}} binds {{c1::ferric iron (Fe3+)}} of cytochrome oxidase C, preventing cell uptake of O2 by blocking the mitochondrial transpo…
Published	11/07/2024	Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels over {{c1::3}}% can indicate carbon monoxide poisoning.
Published	11/07/2024	Blood cyanide levels are not useful for {{c1::initial}} diagnosis of poisoning.
Published	11/07/2024	Carbon monoxide poisoning is initially treated with {{c1::100% supplemental O2}}.
Published	11/07/2024	Indications for hyperbaric O2 in carbon monoxide poisoning include:COHb level >{{c1::25}}%{{c1::Pregnancy}} with COHb >{{c1::15}}%{{c1::Loss of …
Published	11/07/2024	Oral cyanide poisoning can be treated with {{c1::activated charcoal}}.
Published	11/07/2024	{{c1::Hydroxocobalamin}} should be rapidly administered for cyanide poisoning.
Published	11/07/2024	Embryologically, bone marrow stem cells arise from the {{c2::mesoderm}} surrounding the aorta, also known as the {{c1::aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) r…
Published	11/07/2024	Bone marrow has three components:1. {{c1::Hematopoietic tissue}}2. {{c1::Sinusoids}}3. {{c1::Stroma}}
Published	11/07/2024	Hematopoietic tissue decreases with {{c1::age}}.
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