Notes in Chapter_31:_Liver

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Published	07/07/2024	The most common {{c2::right::left or right}} hepatic artery variant is where originates from the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	The most common {{c2::left}} hepatic artery variant is where it originates from the {{c1::left gastric}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	The falciform ligament separates the medial and lateral segments of the {{c1::left}} lobe of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	A line drawn from the middle of the {{c4::gallbladder fossa}} to the {{c3::IVC}} is called the {{c2::portal fissure}} ({{c1::Cantlie::eponym}} line)
Published	07/07/2024	The caudate lobe of the liver is also called segment {{c1::1}}
Published	07/07/2024	The superior left lateral segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::2}}
Published	07/07/2024	The inferior left lateral segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::3}}
Published	07/07/2024	The left medial segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::4}}
Published	07/07/2024	The left medial segment of the liver (segment 4) is also known as the {{c1::quadrate}} lobe
Published	07/07/2024	The inferior right anteromedial segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::5}}
Published	07/07/2024	The inferior right posterolateral segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::6}}
Published	07/07/2024	The superior right posterolateral segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::7}}
Published	07/07/2024	The superior right anteromedial segment of the liver is also called segment {{c1::8}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Couinaud's::eponym}} segmental anatomy of the liverSegments {{c1::2, 3, and 4}} make up the {{c2::left}} lobeSegments {{c1::5, 6, 7, and 8}…
Published	07/07/2024	The peritoneum that covers the liver is called {{c1::Glisson's capsule}}
Published	07/07/2024	An area on the posterior-superior surface of the liver NOT covered by Glisson's capsule is called the {{c1::bare area}}
Published	07/07/2024	The lateral and medial extensions of the coronary ligament on the posterior surface of the liver are called {{c1::triangular}} ligaments
Published	07/07/2024	The portal triad enters the liver at segments {{c1::4}} and {{c1::5}}
Published	07/07/2024	The gallbladder lies under segments {{c1::4}} and {{c1::5}} of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	The hepatoduodenal ligament is also known as the {{c1::porta hepatis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Clamping of the porta hepatis is known as the {{c1::Pringle}} maneuver
Published	07/07/2024	The anterior border of the Foramen of Winslow is the {{c1::portal triad}}
Published	07/07/2024	The posterior border of the Foramen of Winslow is the {{c1::IVC}}
Published	07/07/2024	The inferior border of the Foramen of Winslow is the {{c1::duodenum}}
Published	07/07/2024	The superior border of the Foramen of Winslow is the {{c1::liver}}
Published	07/07/2024	The portal vein forms from joining of the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} vein and {{c1::splenic}} vein
Published	07/07/2024	The middle hepatic artery normally is a branch off the {{c1::left hepatic}} artery
Published	07/07/2024	Most liver tumors get their blood supply from the {{c1::hepatic artery}}
Published	07/07/2024	The 3 hepatic veins drain into the {{c1::IVC}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::left}} hepatic vein drains segments 2, 3, and 4a (superior 4) of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::middle}} hepatic vein drains segments 5 and 4b (inferior 4) of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::right}} hepatic vein drains segments 6, 7 and 8 of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	The middle hepatic vein most commonly drains into the {{c1::left hepatic vein}}
Published	07/07/2024	The medial aspect of the right lobe of the liver are drained by the {{c1::accessory right hepatic}} veins
Published	07/07/2024	Does the caudate lobe get blood supply from the left or right portal/hepatic artery blood supply?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Alkaline phosphatase in the liver is normally located in the {{c1::canalicular}} membrane
Published	07/07/2024	Nutrient uptake in the liver occurs in the {{c1::sinusoidal}} membrane
Published	07/07/2024	The usual energy source for the liver is {{c1::fatty acid oxidation}}
Published	07/07/2024	Excess {{c1::glucose}} in the liver is converted to fat
Published	07/07/2024	Which coagulation factor is NOT made in the liver?{{c1::Factor 8}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which vitamins (5) are stored in the liver?{{c1::A, D, E, K, and B12}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common problems with hepatic resection are bleeding and {{c1::bile leak}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::75}}% of normal liver can be safely resected
Published	07/07/2024	Bilirubin becomes conjugated bilirubin when {{c1::glucuronic}} acid is added to it in the liver
Published	07/07/2024	{{c3::Primary::primary or secondary}} bile acids (salts) include {{c2::cholic}} and {{c1::chenodeoxycholic}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Secondary::primary or secondary}} bile acids (salts) include {{c2::deoxycholic}} and {{c3::lithocholic}}
Published	07/07/2024	The main biliary phospholipid is {{c1::lecithin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Jaundice occurs when total bilirubin becomes greater than {{c1::2.5}} mg/dL
Published	07/07/2024	Rotor's syndrome is a deficiency in {{c1::storage}} of bilirubinDubin-Johnson syndrome is a deficiency in {{c1::secretion}} bilirubin(secretion or sto…
Published	07/07/2024	Can surgery be performed in acute hepatitis?{{c1::No (contraindicated)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which hepatitis viruses are known for causing fulminant hepatic failure?{{c1::B, D, and E}}
Published	07/07/2024	Which hepatitis viruses can cause hepatoma and chronic hepatitis?{{c1::B, C, and D}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide is {{c1::hepatitis B}}
Published	07/07/2024	The hepatitis virus that is most likely to require a patient to get a liver transplant is {{c1::hepatitis C}}
Published	07/07/2024	The viral hepatitis infection with the highest overall mortality is {{c1::hepatitis B + D}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of liver failure is {{c1::cirrhosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The best indicator of synthetic liver function in a patient with cirrhosis is {{c1::prothrombin time (PT)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Acute liver failure (fulminant hepatic failure) has a mortality rate of {{c1::80}}%
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::King's}} College Criteria of Poor Prognostic Indicators of liver failure
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatic encephalopathy is due to a buildup of ammonia, {{c2::amino acid metabolites}}, and {{c1::false neurotransmitters}}
Published	07/07/2024	One treatment for a patient who develops hepatic encephalopathy due to a procedural shunt (i.e. TIPS) is {{c1::shunt embolization}}
Published	07/07/2024	The mechanism for portal venous congestion in cirrhosis is {{c1::fibrosis/scarring}} leading to increased {{c2::hepatic pressure}}
Published	07/07/2024	The mechanism for ascites in cirrhosis is {{c1::lymphatic overload}}
Published	07/07/2024	For every {{c3::100}} mL of ascitic fluid removed, you must replace with {{c1::1}} g of {{c2::albumin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Aldosterone levels {{c1::increase}} with liver failure(increase or decrease)
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatorenal syndrome presents with similar labs to {{c1::prerenal}} azotemia
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment for hepatorenal syndrome is give volume, {{c1::midodrine}} and {{c2::octreotide}} (drugs), and liver transplant
Published	07/07/2024	Postpartum liver failure with ascites (pelvic thrombophlebitis) involves a(n) {{c1::hepatic}} vein thrombosis that originated from the {{c2::ovar…
Published	07/07/2024	Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has an ascitic neutrophil count of > {{c2::250}} and is most commonly caused by {{c1::E. coli::bacteria}}
Published	07/07/2024	Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) with multibacterial cultures is concerning for {{c1::bowel perforation}}
Published	07/07/2024	The antibiotic treatment for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is typically {{c1::3rd gen cephalosporins}}
Published	07/07/2024	The main procedural treatments for esophageal varices are {{c2::banding}} and {{c1::sclerotherapy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Medical management of esophageal varices includes splanchnic artery constriction with {{c1::vasopressin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Medical management of esophageal varices includes decreasing portal pressure with {{c1::octreotide}}
Published	07/07/2024	While on vasopressin for esophageal varices, patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) should also receive {{c1::nitroglycerin}}
Published	07/07/2024	A balloon tube used to control variceal bleeding is called the {{c1::Sengstaken-Blakemore}} esophageal tube
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with asymptomatic or previous variceal bleeds should be given {{c1::propranolol}} to prevent re-bleeds
Published	07/07/2024	A complication of esophageal varices sclerotherapy treatment is {{c1::strictures}}, which are usually easily managed with dilatation
Published	07/07/2024	Refractory esophageal variceal bleeding is managed with {{c1::TIPS}}
Published	07/07/2024	Schistosomiasis and portal vein thombosis are causes of {{c1::pre-sinusoidal}} obstruction(relative to sinusoids)
Published	07/07/2024	Cirrhosis is a cause of {{c1::sinusoidal}} obstruction(relative to sinusoids)
Published	07/07/2024	Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericarditis, and congestive heart failure are causes of {{c1::post-sinusoidal}} obstruction(relative to …
Published	07/07/2024	Portal vein pressure can be obtained by measuring {{c1::hepatic venous}} wedge pressure
Published	07/07/2024	A portal vein pressure greater than {{c1::10}}-{{c1::12}} mmHg is considered significant
Published	07/07/2024	The portal vein (portal venous system) and azygous vein (systemic venous system) are connected in the liver via the {{c1::coronary}} veins
Published	07/07/2024	TIPS allows for blood to flow directly from the {{c1::portal vein}} to the {{c1::IVC}}
Published	07/07/2024	A shunt used in cirrhosis with a low rate of encephalopathy is the {{c1::splenorenal}} shunt
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::Child-Pugh}} Score correlates with mortality after open shunt placement
Published	07/07/2024	Factors that go into the Child-Pugh Score are:1) {{c1::Albumin}}2) {{c2::Bilirubin}}3) {{c3::Presence of Encephalopathy}}4) {{c4::Ascites}}5) {{c5::IN…
Published	07/07/2024	Child-Pugh Score mortalityChild's A is a score of 5-6 and has a mortality of {{c1::2}}% with a shunt
Published	07/07/2024	Child-Pugh Score mortalityChild's B is a score of 7-9 and has a mortality of {{c1::10}}% with a shunt
Published	07/07/2024	Child-Pugh Score mortalityChild's C is a score of 10 or greater and has a mortality of {{c1::50}}% with a shunt
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c1::MELD}} score is calculated with which inputs?{{c2::INR, total bilirubin, and creatinine to grade liver failure}}
Published	07/07/2024	Portal hypertension in children is usually from extra-hepatic {{c1::portal vein thrombosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome is a {{c1::porta-caval}} shunt or {{c2::tPA}} if acute
Published	07/07/2024	The presence of gastric varices without high pressure in the rest of the portal venous system is concerning for {{c1::splenic vein thrombosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Splenic vein thrombosis is typically caused by {{c2::pancreatitis}} and is treated with {{c1::splenectomy (if symptomatic)}}
Published	07/07/2024	Portal vein thrombosis can cause ascites {{c1::without::with or without}} liver failure
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cause of massive hematemesis in children is {{c1::portal vein thrombosis}}
Published	07/07/2024	Portal vein thrombosis is treated with {{c1::heparin}}
Published	07/07/2024	Surgery is only indicated for Entamoeba histolytica if there is {{c1::free rupture}}
Published	07/07/2024	A positive Casoni skin test is indicative of {{c1::Echinococcus}} infection
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with Echinococcus infection and jaundice need to have a pre-op {{c1::ERCP::procedure}} performed
Published	07/07/2024	Patients with Echinococcus infection need {{c1::albendazole}} for 2 weeks and then surgical removal of cyst
Published	07/07/2024	Which parasite can cause variceal bleeding?{{c1::Schistosoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pyogenic liver abscesses account for {{c1::80}}% of all liver abscesses
Published	07/07/2024	Pyogenic abscesses are more common in the {{c1::right}} lobe of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	Patients who present with sepsis and pyogenic liver abscess have a mortality of {{c1::15}}%
Published	07/07/2024	The most common organism responsible for pyogenic liver abscesses is {{c1::E. coli}}
Published	07/07/2024	Pyogenic liver abscesses are most often secondary to a contiguous infection from the {{c1::biliary tract}}
Published	07/07/2024	Treatment for stable pyogenic liver abscess is antibiotics and {{c1::CT-guided drainage}}
Published	07/07/2024	Can hepatic adenomas become malignant?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatic adenomas are more common in the {{c1::right}} lobe of the liver
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatic adenomas are diagnosed with a {{c1::sulfur colloid}} scan
Published	07/07/2024	Do hepatic adenomas have uptake on sulfur colloid scan?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatic adenomas require surgery if they are symptomatic OR if they are greater than {{c1::4}} cm in size
Published	07/07/2024	A central stellate scar in the liver is diagnostic of {{c1::focal nodular hyperplasia}}
Published	07/07/2024	Can focal nodular hyperplasia become malignant?{{c1::No}}
Published	07/07/2024	Focal nodular hyperplasia is diagnosed with {{c1::abdominal CT}}
Published	07/07/2024	Does focal nodular hyperplasia have uptake on sulfur colloid scan?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/07/2024	Normal liver tissue will take up sulfur colloid because it contains {{c1::Kupffer}} cells
Published	07/07/2024	The treatment of focal nodular hyperplasia is {{c1::conservative treatment}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common benign hepatic tumor is {{c1::hemangioma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The best test to detect a hepatic hemangioma is {{c1::tagged RBC scan}}
Published	07/07/2024	A rare complication of hepatic hemangioma is consumptive coagulopathy ({{c1::Kasabach-Merritt}} syndrome) and CHF
Published	07/07/2024	Solitary hepatic cysts are more common in {{c1::women::gender}}
Published	07/07/2024	The most common cancer worldwide is {{c1::hepatocellular carcinoma}}
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::fibrolamellar}} type of hepatocellular carcinoma has the {{c1::best}} prognosis
Published	07/07/2024	The {{c2::diffuse nodular}} type of hepatocellular carcinoma has the {{c1::worst}} prognosis
Published	07/07/2024	AFP level in hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with tumor {{c1::size}}
Published	07/07/2024	When resecting hepatocellular carcinoma, {{c1::1}} cm margins are required
Published	07/07/2024	Hepatic {{c2::sarcoma}} has risk factors of PVC exposure, {{c1::Thorotrast}}, and arsenic and is rapidly {{c3::fatal}}
Published	07/07/2024	Can you resect colon cancer metastases in the liver?{{c1::Yes (if patient has enough liver left to survive)}}
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Primary}} liver tumors are generally {{c1::hyper}}-vascular(primary or metastatic)
Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Metastatic}} liver tumors are generally {{c1::hypo}}-vascular(primary or metastatic)
Published	07/07/2024	Superior to the gallbladder is an imaginary line known as {{c1::Rouviere's}} sulcus, it separates liver segment {{c2::4}} and runs into the …
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Published	07/07/2024	{{c2::Hepatic aden}}omas are associated with a {{c1::beta-catenin}} mutation
Published	07/07/2024	{{c1::Focal nodular hyperplasia::FNH or hepatic adenoma}} histology shows {{c2::bile ducts::structure}}
Published	07/07/2024	Amoebic liver abscess in the first trimester of pregnancy is treated with {{c1::surgical}} therapy only
Published	07/07/2024	In the portal triad, the common bile duct is located {{c1::laterally}}
Published	07/07/2024	In the portal triad, the portal vein is located {{c1::posteriorly}}
Published	07/07/2024	In the portal triad, the proper hepatic artery is located {{c1::medially}}
Published	07/07/2024	Child's {{c2::B or C}} patients are typically treated with {{c1::TIPS}}
Published	07/07/2024	Child's {{c2::A}} cirrhotics can have a(n) {{c1::splenorenal shunt::procedure}}
Published	07/07/2024	The advantage of {{c2::splenorenal}} shunt is low rates of {{c1::encephalopathy}}
Published	07/07/2024	Differentiating FNH and fibrolamellar variant HCC is easiest by the fact that {{c4::FNH}} usually {{c3::lacks::has/lacks}} {{c5::calcif…
Published	07/07/2024	The blood supply to the liver parenchyma is {{c1::80}}% from the {{c2::portal vein}} and {{c1::20}}% from the {{c2::hepatic artery}}
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