Notes in Biochemistry

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Cell Signaling Insulin Lecture
Cholesterol Synthesis
Diabetes and its effect
Hormones and Receptors
Regulation of Carbohydrate/Fat Metabolism, Exercise Effects

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/04/2024	3 major divisions of living world: {{c1::bacteria (eubacteria), archaea (archaebacteria), eukaryotes}}
Published	09/04/2024	Organisms classed into two groups based on cell structure: {{c1::Prokaryotes (Bacteria & Archaea) and Eukaryotes (e.g. algae, fungi, yeast, plants…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2395:top=.1852:width=.728:height=.0674:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2379:top=.2527:width=.728:height=.0674:…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4073:top=.2272:width=.2556:height=.0573:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4058:top=.3057:width=.2556:height=.057…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4641:top=.2104:width=.2825:height=.158:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4641:top=.3969:width=.2825:height=.158:…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0516:top=.8672:width=.3124:height=.0301:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.63:top=.8689:width=.3124:height=.0301:…
Published	09/04/2024	Peptidoglycan is comprised of chains of {{c1::alternating N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) sugars}}. The chains are crosslinke…
Published	09/04/2024	Biofilms develop in {{c1::any fluid filled environment containing microorganisms that are subjected to stress or fluid flow::what kind of environment?…
Published	09/04/2024	Dental biofilms exist on {{c1::tooth surfaces and mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity.::(2)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Biofilms are a {{c1::cooperating community of microorganisms growing as an “ecosystem” within a matrix attached to a surface}}
Published	09/04/2024	Formation of dental biofilms: 1. {{c1::Reversible association of microorganisms with surface}}2. {{c1::Stable adherence to form conditioning film…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Secondary colonizers}} bind to {{c1::primary colonizers}} to adhere to the biofilm.{{c1::Fusobacteria like F. Nucleatum::bacteria type}} coaggre…
Published	09/04/2024	In biofilm formation, {{c1::adhesins}} on the bacteria bind to {{c1::adhesin receptors}} present in the {{c1::salivary pellicle.}}
Published	09/04/2024	The salivary pellicle forms from {{c1::proteins::macromolcule}} in the {{c1::saliva or GCF (gingival crevicular fluid)}}. It serves as a {{c1::conditi…
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0277:top=.0414:width=.0972:height=.035:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1487:top=.043:width=.1301:height=.035:o…
Published	09/04/2024	Microorganisms in dental plaque biofilms arranged in {{c1::“microcolonies” enclosed in a protective intermicrobial matrix}}
Published	09/04/2024	Fluid channels allow for the {{c1::movement}} of {{c1::nutrients, waste products, metabolites, enzymes, and O2::(5)}}.
Published	09/04/2024	Bacteria growing within biofilms {{c1::induce novel gene expression}} compared to when {{c1::growing in suspension}}.
Published	09/04/2024	Dental biofilms are very important in development of {{c1::Dental Caries}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Sugary}} diets favor growth of {{c1::cariogenic bacterial}} species that {{c1::produce extracellular polysaccharides from sucrose}}
Published	09/04/2024	Why is sucrose conducive towards formation of caries? {{c1::Sucrose is highly soluble and diffuses rapidly into the plaque biofilm where it serves as …
Published	09/04/2024	Sucrose is split into {{c1::glucose and fructose}}
Published	09/04/2024	Glucose can be built into homopolymers of {{c1::glucose called Glucans such as mutan (water insoluble) and dextran (water soluble)}}
Published	09/04/2024	Fructose can be built into homopolymers {{c1::called Fructans consisting of beta-1,2 and beta-2,6 linkages}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus fermentum}} are the main causal agents for caries
Published	09/04/2024	Saccharolytic bacteria derive energy from {{c1::glycolysis}}
Published	09/04/2024	Once dental plaque becomes calcified it is termed {{c1::calculus (or tartar).}}
Published	09/04/2024	If plaque grows undisturbed, {{c1::degenerating bacteria}} can act as {{c1::nucleators for mineralization}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::Calcium and phosphate}} ions from saliva may become deposited in the deeper layers of dental plaque (saliva is {{c1::supersaturated}} with these…
Published	09/04/2024	Biofilms on tooth surfaces initially forms {{c1::dental plaque}}
Published	09/04/2024	In patients with healthy dentition and no periodontal disease most bacteria in the dental biofilms are gram {{c1::positive::+/-}}. These bacteria main…
Published	09/04/2024	Exposure to sugary diets increases the {{c1::production of lactic acid}}, resulting in {{c1::low pH}}. If it gets {{c1::below a critical pH of around …
Published	09/04/2024	In saliva, increased acid production also favors {{c1::further growth of species that are acid tolerant and generate more acid}}, which are often {{c1…
Published	09/04/2024	Saliva composition:- {{c1::99% water}}- {{c1::Na, K, Ca, Mg, bicarbonate, phosphates}}- {{c1::Immunoglobulin proteins, enzymes, mucins}}- {{c1::Nitrog…
Published	09/04/2024	Types of saliva:- {{c1::Serous: Main product of the parotid glands}}- {{c1::Mucous: Main product of the minor salivary glands}}- {{c1::Mixed serous &a…
Published	09/04/2024	Functions of saliva:• {{c1::Lubrication and protection}}• {{c1::Buffering action and clearance}}• {{c1::Maintenance of tooth integrity}} • {{c1::Antib…
Published	09/04/2024	Saliva production is about {{c1::500-1500 ml/day::?/day}}
Published	09/04/2024	GCF stands for {{c1::Gingival Crevicular Fluid}}
Published	09/04/2024	GCF is secreted ({{c1::1-2 ml/day::?/day}}) into the space called {{c1::gingival sulcus, between the surface of the tooth and the free margin of the e…
Published	09/04/2024	GCF functions include:{{c1::‒ Cleansing the sulcus ‒ Improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth ‒ Antimicrobial properties ‒ Antibody defense of …
Published	09/04/2024	Asaccharolytic bacteria derive energy from {{c1::amino acids}}
Published	09/04/2024	In {{c1::asaccharolytic::asaccharolytic/saccharolytic}} bacteria, amino acids can be {{c1::deaminated and/or reduced::(2)}}. Results in a {{c1::neutra…
Published	09/04/2024	In healthy gingival sulcus, GCF provides an environment {{c1::rich in proteins}}.{{c1::Fermentation}} of {{c1::amino acids}} by bacteria to produce {{…
Published	09/04/2024	Increased pH in GCF can lead to {{c1::precipitation of calcium and phosphate in the dental biofilm and formation of dental calculus}}
Published	09/04/2024	Dental calculus further promotes {{c1::asaccharolytic fermentation::what metabolic process?}}
Published	09/04/2024	As {{c1::sulfur}} containing amino acids ({{c1::cysteine & methionine}}) are fermented, one of the end products is {{c1::hydrogen sulfide}}, which…
Published	09/04/2024	Catabolic: {{c1::Biochemical pathways that break molecules down into their  component parts; i.e. complex molecules reduced to simpler molecules.…
Published	09/04/2024	Anabolic: {{c1::Biochemical pathways that build complex molecules from simpler molecules.}}
Published	09/04/2024	Amphibolic: {{c1::Biochemical pathways that involves both catabolism and anabolism}}
Published	09/04/2024	Hexokinase: {{c1::enzyme which can phosphorylate hexoses}}
Published	09/04/2024	Glucokinase: {{c1::only phosphorylates glucose and is found predominantly in the liver. Requires a much higher concentration of glucose to become full…
Published	09/04/2024	Regulatory enzymes of glycolysis:- phosphofructokinase: {{c1::fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Inhibited by high concentrati…
Published	09/04/2024	Coupled: {{c1::transport of one molecule against a concentration gradient is coupled to another molecule being transport down its concentration gradie…
Published	09/04/2024	ATP-driven: {{c1::involves energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to move a molecule against its concentration gradient}}
Published	09/04/2024	Light-driven pumps: {{c1::found in bacteria use energy from light}}
Published	09/04/2024	Ion channels: Specialized type of channel in the cell membrane.
Published	09/04/2024	Ion channels show {{c1::ion selectivity}} and are not {{c1::continuously open}}
Published	09/04/2024	Types of gating in channels{{c1::- Voltage gating: utilize membrane potential- Ligand gating: extracellular, intracellular ligand binding- Mechanical …
Published	09/04/2024	Membrane potential: {{c1::occurs when there is a difference in the electrical charge on the two sides. from imbalance of positive/negative ions on eit…
Published	09/04/2024	Membrane potential can result from {{c1::active pumping (Na+/K+ pump) or passive ion diffusion through certain channels (K+ leak channel)::(2)}}
Published	09/04/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2192:top=-0.0016:width=.1878:height=.1614:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5232:top=.8206:width=.1781:height=.1…
Published	09/04/2024	In the Na+-K+ ATPase for 1 ATP hydrolyzed, the pumps moves {{c1::3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in}}
Published	09/04/2024	Potassium leak channel: {{c1::allows leakage of small amounts of potassium ions out of the cell which contributes to establishing a membrane pote…
Published	09/04/2024	A {{c1::small flow}} of ions carries sufficient charge to cause a large change in the membrane potential
Published	09/04/2024	Ions that give rise to the membrane potential are in a {{c1::thin (< 1 nm) surface layer close to the membrane}}
Published	09/04/2024	How is resting membrane potential established?:{{c1::If no voltage gradient, then high intracellular K+ concentration causes it to flow to cytosol thr…
Published	09/04/2024	What is Nernst equation and how is it used?{{c1::Formula to calculate resting membrane potential}}
Published	09/04/2024	Resting membrane potential of neurons {{c1::-70mV}}
Published	09/04/2024	Stages of action potential (5):{{c1::1. Resting Potential: The neuron is at rest, around -70 mV, with a more negative inside due to ion distribution (…
Published	09/04/2024	Why does action potential not flow backwards? {{c1::refractory period, inactivation of sodium channels}}
Published	09/04/2024	VGKC behavior:When the membrane depolarizes, the channel opens to conduct ions.If depolarization persists, it becomes inactive, with the pore blocked …
Published	09/04/2024	Hearing uses {{c1::mechanically}} gated channels
Published	09/04/2024	Familial atrial fibrillation—{{c1::mutations in potassium channel genes}}
Published	09/04/2024	Episodic ataxia—{{c1::can be caused by mutations in KCNA1, potassium channel}}
Published	09/04/2024	Brugada syndrome—{{c1::ventricular arrhythmia caused by mutations in voltage gated sodium channel}}
Published	09/04/2024	Cystic fibrosis—{{c1::mutations in CFTR gene which is a chloride channel}}
Published	09/04/2024	Mucolipidosis type IV—{{c1::mutations in TRPML channel}}
Published	09/04/2024	Glut1—{{c1::deficiency of Glut1 primarily affects the brain}}
Published	09/04/2024	Myasthenia gravis—autoantibodies that block the action of acetylcholine receptors and lead to muscle weakness
Published	09/04/2024	Tetrodotoxin—{{c2::sodium}} channels
Published	09/04/2024	Saxitoxin—{{c1::voltage gated sodium}} channels
Published	09/04/2024	Lidocaine and novocaine anesthetics—{{c1::block sodium ion channels}}
Published	09/04/2024	Iberiotoxin (eastern indian scorpion)—{{c1::blocks potassium channels}}
Published	09/04/2024	Heteropodatoxin—(brown spider) {{c1::blocks potassium channels}}
Published	09/04/2024	ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters: {{c1::integral membrane proteins responsible for ATP-powered translocation of molecules}}
Published	09/04/2024	ABC transporters have {{c1::4::#?}} domains, {{c1::2 hydrophobic and 2 ATP-binding}}
Published	09/04/2024	ABC transporters are closed when {{c1::ATP is bound}}, open when {{c1::ATP is hydrolyzed}}
Published	09/04/2024	ABC transporters of clinical importance: {{c1::1. Drug resistance, malaria, cancer. 2. Cystic fibrosis: Mutation in ABC chloride carrier.3: Expor…
Published	09/04/2024	What is the transferrin cycle?{{c1::Maintains intracellular iron- After endocytosis, iron is released from  receptor-ferrotransferrin complex in …
Status	Last Update	Fields