Notes in PTH.S1.L10.The Skin

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Published	10/21/2024	"{{c1::Pruritic}}, {{c1::purple}}, {{c1::polygonal}}, {{c1::planar}}, {{c1::papules}}, and {{c1::plaques}}" are the tongue-twisting "six Ps" of {{c2::…
Published	10/21/2024	The pathogenesis of lichen planus is not known. It is possible that expression of altered antigens in basal epidermal cells or the dermoepidermal junc…
Published	10/21/2024	Lichen planus is usually self-limited, most commonly resolving spontaneously {{c1::1 to 2 years::How many yeas?}} after onset.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Squamous cell carcinoma}} sometime arises from chronic mucosal and paramucosal lichen planus and may be an example of carcinogenesis fostered by…
Published	10/21/2024	As in psoriasis, the {{c1::Koebner}} phenomenon may be seen in lichen planus.
Published	10/21/2024	Morphology of {{c1::Lichen Planus}}Cutaneous lesions consist of itchy, violaceous, flat-topped papules that may coalesce to form plaques. The pap…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF LICHEN PLANUSIn darkly pigmented individuals, lesions may acquire a dark brown color due to release of {{c1::melanin}} into the dermis a…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF LICHEN PLANUSLesions are usually {{c1::multiple}} and {{c1::symmetrically}} distributed, particularly on the {{c2::extremities}} and oft…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF LICHEN PLANUSLichen planus is characterized histologically by a dense, continuous infiltrate of {{c1::lymphocytes}} along the dermoepide…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF LICHEN PLANUSAnucleate, necrotic basal cells may become incorporated into the inflamed papillary dermis, where they are referred to as {…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF LICHEN PLANUSAlthough the lesions bear some similarities to those in erythema multiforme, lichen planus shows changes of chronicity, nam…
Published	10/21/2024	Blistering (Bullous Diseases)Inflammatory Blistering Disorders{{c1::Pemphigus}}{{c1::Bullous pemphigoid}}{{c1::Dermatitis Herpetiformis}}Noninflammato…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Pemphigus}} is a blistering disorder caused by {{c2::autoantibodies}} that result in the dissolution of intercellular attachments…
Published	10/21/2024	What are the different forms of PemphigusPemphigus {{c1::vulgaris}}Pemphigus {{c1::vegetans}}Pemphigus {{c1::foliaceus}}Pemphigus {{c1::erythematosus}…
Published	10/21/2024	All forms of pemphigus are autoimmune diseases caused by IgG autoantibodies against {{c1::desmogleins}} that disrupt {{c2::intercellula…
Published	10/21/2024	PEMPHIGUS VARIANTS{{c1::Pemphigus vulgaris}} by far the most common type (accounting for more than 80% of cases worldwide)involves the mucosa and…
Published	10/21/2024	PEMPHIGUS VARIANTS{{c1::Pemphigus vegetans}} is a rare form that usually presents not with blisters but with large, moist, verrucous (wart-like), vege…
Published	10/21/2024	PEMPHIGUS VARIANTS{{c1::Pemphigus foliaceus}} more benign form that is endemic in {{c2::Brazil}} (where it is called fogo selvagem) and occurs sporadi…
Published	10/21/2024	PEMPHIGUS VARIANTS{{c1::Pemphigus erythematosus}} considered to be a localized, less severe form of pemphigus foliaceus that may selectively involve t…
Published	10/21/2024	PEMPHIGUS VARIANTS{{c1::Paraneoplastic pemphigus}} occurs in association with various malignancies, most commonly {{c2::non-Hodgkin lymphoma}}.
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF PEMPHIGUSThe common histologic feature in all forms of pemphigus is {{c1::acantholysis}}, the dissolution of the intercellular bridges t…
Published	10/21/2024	In pemphigus {{c1::vulgaris}} and pemphigus {{c1::vegetans}}, acantholysis selectively involves the cells immediately above the basal cell layer, prod…
Published	10/21/2024	The single layer of intact basal cells that forms the blister base in pemphigus {{c1::vulgarus}} has been likened to a row of {{c2::tombstones}}.
Published	10/21/2024	In pemphigus {{c1::foliaceus}}, blisters form by similar mechanisms but are found in the superficial epidermis at the level of the {{c2::stratum granu…
Published	10/21/2024	Variable superficial dermal infiltration by {{c1::lymphocytes::1}}, {{c1::macrophages::2}}, and {{c1::eosinophils::3}} accompanies each type of pemphi…
Published	10/21/2024	The mainstay of treatment in all forms of pemphigus is {{c1::immunosuppressive}} agents, which decrease the titers of the pathogenic antibodies.
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of PEMPHIGUSIgG is usually seen at all levels of the epithelium in pemphigus {{c1::vulgaris}}, but tends to be more superficial in pemphi…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of PEMPHIGUSThe distribution of {{c1::desmoglein 1 and 3}} in the epidermis and whether there are autoantibodies to one or both proteins …
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Bullous pemphigoid}}caused by autoantibodies that bind to proteins that are required for adherence of basal keratinocytes to the basement membra…
Published	10/21/2024	Bullous PemphigoidGenerally affecting {{c1::elderly}} individuals, bullous pemphigoid shows a wide range of clinical presentations. Sites of invo…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY of Bullous PemphigoidA bullae consist of {{c1::tense}} blisters that usually fail to rupture as their roof consist of intact epidermisIn ca…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY of Bullous PemphigoidMicroscopically: intact sub epidermal blister associated with {{c1::eosinophils}}, {{c1::lymphocytes}} and occasi…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dermatitis Herpetiformis}}A rare disorder characterized by {{c2::urticaria}} and {{c2::grouped vesicles}}.The association of {{c1::dermatitis he…
Published	10/21/2024	Dermatitis Herpetiformisaffects predominantly {{c1::male::Male or female?}} most often in the {{c2::3rd}} and {{c2::4th}} decade of life. In some…
Published	10/21/2024	Dermatitis Herpetiformisgenetically, predisposing individuals develop {{c1::IgA::What type of Ig?}} antibodies to dietary {{c2::gluten}} and the antib…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMISThe lesions are {{c1::bilateral, symmetric, and grouped::Describe}}, involving preferentially the {{c2::extensor…
Published	10/21/2024	MORPHOLOGY OF DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS{{c1::Fibrin}} and {{c1::neutrophils}} accumulate selectively at the tips of {{c2::dermal papillae}}, forming sm…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Epidermolysis Bullosa}}is a blanket term for a group of disorders caused by inherited defects in structural proteins that lend mechanical stabil…
Published	10/21/2024	Epidermolysis BullosaMicroscopically:subepidermal blister with {{c1::variable inflammation}} and the superficial dermis is often {{c1::fibro…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Porphyria}}Porphyria refers to a group of uncommon inborn or acquired disturbances of porphyrin metabolism.The five major types are:{{c2::Congen…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Porphyrin}} - pigments that are normally present in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes
Published	10/21/2024	PorphyriaCutaneous manifestations consist of urticaria and vesicles associated with scarring that are exacerbated by {{c1::exposure to sunlight}}. The…
Published	10/21/2024	Disorders of Epidermal Appendages{{c1::Acne Vulgaris }}{{c1::Rosacea}}
Published	10/21/2024	Fibroepithelial polypa.k.a. acrochordon, squamous papilloma, skin tagmajority are {{c1::sporadic::sporadic or non-sporadic}}seen in {{c1::Birt-Ho…
Published	10/21/2024	Fibroepithelial polyp on histologic exam:consist of {{c1::fibrovascular cores}} covered by benign {{c1::squamous}} epitheliumit is not uncom…
Published	10/21/2024	Epithelial or Follicular Inclusion Cyst (Wen)Epithelial cysts are common lesions formed by the invagination and cystic expansion of the {{c1::epidermi…
Published	10/21/2024	Epithelial or Follicular Inclusion Cyst (Wen)In the skin, it looks like a lump.But when excised by the surgeon, the usual appearance would be {{c…
Published	10/21/2024	Epithelial or Follicular Inclusion Cyst (Wen)Histologically, the appearance has a {{c1::subepidermal}} cyst that may or may not open into the ove…
Published	10/21/2024	Epithelial or Follicular Inclusion Cyst (Wen)cyst-lining composed of {{c1::stratified squamous}} epithelium with a granular layer
Published	10/21/2024	Epithelial or Follicular Inclusion Cyst (Wen)[{{c1::True::True or False}}] The cyst wall does not contain eccrine glands, sebaceous glands, or hair fo…
Published	10/21/2024	Epithelial or Follicular Inclusion Cyst (Wen)sometimes, cyst contents composed of:abundant {{c1::keratin plates}}{{c1::foreign body}} {{c1::…
Published	10/21/2024	Adnexal (Appendage tumors) appearance are occasionally associated with {{c1::germline}} mutations in tumor suppressor genesappendage tumors …
Published	10/21/2024	Adnexal (Appendage tumors) Germline mutations Examples are presence of multiple trichilemmomas which are associated with {{c1::Cowden syndro…
Published	10/21/2024	Eccrine Poroma occurs where {{c1::sweat}} glands are numerous sites: {{c1::palms and soles::(2)}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Eccrine Poroma }}single, slow-growing, asymptomatic, well-circumscribed, smooth, skin colored to red, slightly scaly papule or nodule that …
Published	10/21/2024	Eccrine Poromathis tumor have both {{c1::eccrine and apocrine}} origin histologically is well-circumscribed, broad anastomosing bands of {{c1::po…
Published	10/21/2024	Eccrine Poromamanagement: {{c1::simple iexcision}}
Published	10/21/2024	Cylindroma appearance is {{c1::pink-red::color}} {{c1::dome shape::shape}} nodule, with smooth surfaceshistologically, we appreciate co…
Published	10/21/2024	Cylindroma 2 groups of cells {{c1::undifferentiated peripheral palisading epithelial cells with small dark nuclei}}{{c1::centrally located i…
Published	10/21/2024	Cylindroma {{c1::ductal}} differentiationtypically solitary exophytic painless tumor, but can develop multiple scalp lesions called {{c1::Turban …
Published	10/21/2024	Cylindroma multiple cylindromas associated with {{c1::CYLD}} mutations are associated with earlier developmentsingle lesions are associated with …
Published	10/21/2024	Cylindroma Familial cylindromatosis germline mutations in {{c1::CYLD::what gene}} are associated with 2 other genetic syndromes marked by th…
Published	10/21/2024	Syringoma {{c1::1 to 4}} mm firm skin colored papule with or without eruption called syringoma microscopically, they are well-circumscr…
Published	10/21/2024	Syringoma {{c1::eccrine}} differentiation {{c1::small tan::size,color}} papules {{c1::lower eyelids::common site}}
Published	10/21/2024	Sebaceous adenoma is associated with: {{c1::Muir-Torre}} syndrome{{c1::HNPCC/Lynch}} syndrome – germline defects in DNA mismatch repair gene…
Published	10/21/2024	Sebaceous adenoma  They are usually well-circumscribed, multilobulated tumors, with an increased number of {{c1::basaloid germinative}} cell…
Published	10/21/2024	Sebaceous adenoma  showing the {{c1::basaloid germinative cells}} at the periphery (green) and {{c1::mature sebocytes}} …
Published	10/21/2024	Pilomatricoma{{c1::hair follicle}} differentiationactivating mutations in {{c1::CTNNB1}}
Published	10/21/2024	Pilomatricomaalso referred to as {{c1::‘calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe’}}
Published	10/21/2024	Pilomatricomagrossly, they are hard, calcified, nodulocystic, it has {{c1::circumscribed}} edges and may appear lobulatedin cut sections, there c…
Published	10/21/2024	PilomatricomaMicroscopically, you can see lobulated and circumscribed dermal base neoplasmsIslands of basaloid cells exhibiting abrupt keratiniza…
Published	10/21/2024	Pilomatricoma{{c1::basal}} cells (encircled left pic){{c1::ghost}} cells (encircled right pic)
Published	10/21/2024	Premalignant and Malignant Epidermal Tumors {{c1::Acitinic KeratosisSquamous Cell CarcinomaBasal Cell Carcinoma::give 3}}
Published	10/21/2024	The body's largest organ
Published	10/21/2024	Functions of the Skin (7)
Published	10/21/2024	What are the different Skin Cell Types and Structures? (7)
Published	10/21/2024	Epidermis is a thin outer layer composed of three cell types:
Published	10/21/2024	Dermis is the middle layer composed of 8 components such as:
Published	10/21/2024	Dermis is held together by a protein called {{c1::collagen}} and this gives the skin {{c1::flexibility and strength}}.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dermis}} contain receptors for pain and touch.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Subcutaneous fat (hypodermis)}} protects the body from injury by acting as a shock absorber.
Published	10/21/2024	Subcutaneous fat (hypodermis) composed of {{c1::network of collagen}} and {{c1::fat}}.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::Squamous epithelial cells (keratinocytes)}}normally glued together by cell junctions called {{c1::desmosomes}}produces an abundant amount o…
Published	10/21/2024	Melanocytesproduction of {{c1::melanin}}{{c2::brown::color of pigment?}} pigment that absorbs and protects against potentially injurious ult…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dendritic Cells}}skin serves as one of the first lines of defense against microorganismsit is constantly exposed to microbial and non-microbial …
Published	10/21/2024	These are processed by intraepidermal dendritic cells called {{c1::Langerhans cells}}Secrete factors that augment innate immune responses and mig…
Published	10/21/2024	Following their stimulation by dendritic cells in regional lymph nodes, these cells expressing an adhesion molecule called cutaneous lymphocyte associ…
Published	10/21/2024	The skin is a large and complex ecosystem that provides niche for broad spectrum of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of cells located in the epithelial basal cell layer and may have neuroendocrine or mechanoreceptor function.
Published	10/21/2024	Traumatic lesion breaking the epidermis and causing a raw linear defect (i.e, deep scratch); often self-induced.
Published	10/21/2024	Thickened, rough skin (similar to lichen on a rock); usually the result of repeated rubbing.
Published	10/21/2024	Circumscribed, flat lesion distinguished from surrounding skin by color. (2)
Published	10/21/2024	Separation of nail plate from nail bed
Published	10/21/2024	Elevated dome-shaped or flat-topped lesion.
Published	10/21/2024	Elevated flat-topped lesion, usually greater than 5 mm across (may be caused by coalescent papules.
Published	10/21/2024	Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion.
Published	10/21/2024	Dry, horny, plate-like excrescence; usually the result of imperfect cornification.
Published	10/21/2024	Fluid-filled raised lesions (3):
Published	10/21/2024	Itchy, transient, elevated lesion with variable blanching and erythema formed as the result of dermal edema.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Abnormal, premature keratinization within cells below the stratum granulosum.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Discontinuity of the skin showing incomplete loss of the epidermis.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Infiltration of the epidermis by inflammatory cells.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen in viral infections.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum, often due to intense rubbing.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with a qualitative abnormality of the keratin.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation within the epidermal basal cell layer.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Surface elevation caused by hyperplasia and enlargement of contagious dermal papillae.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Keratinization with retained nuclei in the stratum corneum.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Intracellular edema of the epidermis.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Discontinuity of the skin marked by complete loss of the epidermis revealing dermis or subcutis.
Published	10/21/2024	Type of Microscopic Lesion: Formation of vacuoles within or adjacent to cells; often refers to basal cell-basement membrane zone area.
Published	10/21/2024	Disorders of Pigmentation and Melanocytes (5)
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Freckles (Ephelis)}}{{c1::Freckles}} are generally small (1 mm to several millimeters in diameter) an-{{c2::red or light brown::what …
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Lentigo}}Lentigines may involve mucous membranes as well as the skin and consist of {{c3::small (5 to 10 mm across)}}, {{c3::oval}}, {{c3::tan-b…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Melanocytic Nevus (Pigmented Nevus, Mole)}}{{c1::Melanocytic Nevi (known colloquially as moles)}} are common benign neoplasms caused in mos…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Lentigo}} unlike freckles, lentigines do not darken when exposed to sunlight.
Published	10/21/2024	LentigoGross morphology: {{c1::macular hyperpigmentation}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Melanocytic Nevi}} are known to progress in a series of morphological changes over time.
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Dysplastic nevi}} are important because they can be direct precursors of melanoma and when multiple in number are a marker of an increased …
Published	10/21/2024	Dysplastic NeviAcquired activating mutations-{{c1::NRAS and BRAF genes}}Loss-of-function mutations in {{c2::CDKN2A}}
Published	10/21/2024	Lesions of {{c1::mycosis fungoides}} usually involve {{c3::truncal areas}} and include:- {{c2::scaly, red-brown patches}} - Raised, scaling {{c2:…
Published	10/21/2024	The histologic hallmark of CTCL (mycosis fungoides type) is the presence of {{c1::atypical cells}} that characteristically form {{c3::band-like aggreg…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c3:Pautrier microabscesses:}}These cells have {{c1::infolded nuclear membranes}}, imparting a {{c2::convoluted or cerebriform contour}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Mycosis Fungoides- In patches and plaques, there is pronounced epidermal infiltration by neoplastic cells ({{c1::epidermotropism}}).- In more advanced…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Mastocytosis}}- {{c2::Urticaria pigmentosa::AKA}} - Many of the signs and symptoms are due to the release of {{c1::histamine}}, {{c1::hepar…
Published	10/21/2024	Many cases of mastocytosis have acquired activating point mutations in the {{c1::KIT}} gene, or less frequently, the {{c2::PDGFR-a}} receptor tyrosine…
Published	10/21/2024	Mastocytosis signs/symptoms{{c1::Darier sign}} refers to a localized area of dermal edema and erythema (wheal) that occurs when lesional skin is …
Published	10/21/2024	The pathologic findings are highly variable. In {{c1::urticaria pigmentosa}}, lesions are multiple and widely distributed, consisting of round to…
Published	10/21/2024	Mast cells may be difficult to differentiate from {{c1::lymphocytes}} in routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Special metachromatic stains,…
Published	10/21/2024	Immunohistochemical stains for mast cell markers: {{c1::mast cell tryptase}} and {{c1::KIT}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Disorders of Epidermal Maturation -{{c1::Ichthyosis}}associated with chronic, excessive keratin buildup (hyperkeratosis) that results in fish-lik…
Published	10/21/2024	Ichthyosis is subtyped according to the mode of inheritance, histology, and clinical features; the primary categories include:{{c1::Ichthyosis vulgari…
Published	10/21/2024	IchthyosisThe primary abnormality in ichthyosis is {{c1::defective desquamation}}, leading to retention of abnormally formed scales.
Published	10/21/2024	Acute  Inflammation of the Skin{{c1::Urticaria}}{{c1::Acute Eczematous Dermatitis}}{{c1::Erythema Multiforme}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Urticaria}}A common disorder of the skin that is usually caused by localized cell degranulation and is uniformly associated with dermal microvas…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Angioedema}}edema of the deeper dermis and the subcutaneous fat and resolves spontaneously
Published	10/21/2024	Urticaria is most commonly a result of antigen-induced release of vasoactive mediators from mast cells{{c1::Mast cell - dependent, IgE - dependent}} -…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Eczematous Dermatitis{{c1::Eczema}} - to boil overTypically mediated from T cell mediated inflammatory reaction (Type {{c1::IV}}) hypersensitivi…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Acute eczematous dermatitis}}Mechanical seering of desmosomes and cell membranes by progressive accumulation of intracellular fluid may result b…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} - rare acute inflammation of the skinTriggered by:Infections: herpes simplex, mycoplasma infection, schistoplasmoduim, typ…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} characterized by keratinocyte injury mediated by skin homing CD* cytotoxic T lymphocytesMechanism of injury is also s…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} Affected individual present with a different array of lesions including macules papules, vesicles, bullae and charact…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Steven Johnsons Syndrome}} - febrile form associated with extensive involvement of the skin often seen in {{c2::children}}Lesion involve al…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Toxic epidermal necrolysis}} - diffused necrosis and sloughing of cutaneous and mucosal epithelial surfaceswidespread epidermal damage produces …
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Targetoid lesions}} show a superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate associated by dermal edema and accumulation lymphocytes along the {{c…
Published	10/21/2024	Chronic inflammatory Dermatoses{{c1::Psoariasis}}{{c1::Seborrheic Dermatitis}}{{c1::LickenPlanus}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Psoriasis}}A chronic inflammation dermatosis that appears to have autoimmune basisSensitized population of {{c2::CD4+}}, {{c2::Th1}}, and {{c2::…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Psoriasis}}believed to  be a product of environmental and genetic factors  particularly HLG gene variants
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Koebner Phenomenon}}lesion induced by local trauma
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Psoriasis}}lesions located in elbows, kness, scalp, lumbosacral ares, glans penis Pink to salmon plaque covered by scaly skinCauses erythro…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Seborrheic Dermatitis}}Classically involves regions with a high density of {{c2::sebaceous}} glands such as scalp, forehead, external auditory c…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Seborrheic Dermatitis}}associated with inflammation of the epidermis and is not a disease of the sebaceous glands per se
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Seborrheic Dermatitis}}Clinical appearance:Individual lesions are macules and papules on an erythematous yellow often greasy base typically in a…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Seborrheic Dermatitis}}Microscopic appearanceshare features with spongiotic dermatitis and psoriasis with earlier lesions being more spongiotic …
Published	10/21/2024	Acitinic KeratosisUsually occurs in some damaged skin and exhibits {{c1::hyperkeratosis}}
Published	10/21/2024	Acitinic KeratosisClinically1. Usually {{c1::<1 cm}} diameter2. Typically {{c2::tan-brown red}} or {{c3::skin}}-coloured3. Has {{c4::rough, sandpap…
Published	10/21/2024	Acitinic KeratosisSome lesions produce so much keratin that a {{c1::cutaneous horn}} develops (as seen in the photo)like an animal horn.
Published	10/21/2024	Acitinic KeratosisMicroscopically1. Epidermal {{c1::dysplasia}} (not full thickness)2. {{c2::Parakekrotosis}} (thickened stratum corneum)3. Cells in t…
Published	10/21/2024	Acitinic KeratosisCytologically1. At the lowermost layer of epidermis is associated with {{c1::hyperplasia}} of basal cells or alternat…
Published	10/21/2024	Actinic KeratosisExposure to {{c1::ionizing radiation}}, {{c2::industrial hydrocarbons}}, and {{c3::arsenicals}} may induce similar lesion
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Actinic Keratosis}}May regress or remain stable throughout life, but enough transform to malignancy that local eradication is warranted
Published	10/21/2024	Actinic KeratosisMost common precursor of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma secondary to {{c1::solar damage}}High incidence in {{c2::lightly}} pi…
Published	10/21/2024	Treatment of Actinic Keratosis{{c1::Gentle curettage}}{{c1::Freezing}}{{c1::Topical application of chemotherapeutic agents}}{{c1::Imiquimod}}
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaGrossly, they appear as {{c1::hyperkeratotic scaly plaque}} that may have induration, ulceration, or hemorrhage
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaInvasive SCC shows variable degrees of differentiation ranging from tumors composed of polygonal cells arrange in orderly lobul…
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaKey to tell that the observation is of carcinoma of keratinocytes is the {{c1::(+) infiltration of dermis}} (the spectrum …
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaGrading is based on degree of differentiation and keratinization{{c1::Well differentiated tumor}}: easily recognizable squamous…
Published	10/21/2024	2nd most common tumor arising on sun-exposed site: {{c1::Squamous Cell Carcinoma}}
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell Carcinoma2nd most common tumor arising on sun-exposed siteDNA damage induced by exposure to {{c1::UV light}}{{c2::Immunosuppression…
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaDriver mutations{{c1::TP53}}mutationsIncrease {{c2::RAS}} signalingDecrease {{c3::Notch}} signaling
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaMost notably chronic immunosuppression (as a result of chemotherapy and/or organ transplant)Immunosuppression contributes to ca…
Published	10/21/2024	Squamous Cell CarcinomaStudies in the genetics of SCC mostly focus on acquired effects on sporadic tumors and their precursors, and the relationships …
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaMost common invasive cancer in humansMutations that activate the {{c1::Hedgehog}} signaling pathwayNBCCS or Gorlin syndromeDriver …
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaMost common invasive cancer in humansMutations that activate the Hedgehog signaling pathway{{c1::NBCCS or Gorlin}} …
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaMost common invasive cancer in humansMutations that activate the Hedgehog signaling pathwayNBCCS or Gorlin syndrome…
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaDistinctive and {{c1::locally}} aggressive cutaneous tumor{{c2::Slow}}growing tumors, rare metastasisVast majority are recognized …
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaNevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome or Gorlin Syndrome or Basal Cell Nevus{{c2::Autosomal dominant }}Development of multiple…
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaNevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome or Gorlin Syndrome or Basal Cell NevusAutosomal dominant Development of multiple  B…
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaNevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome or Gorlin Syndrome or Basal Cell NevusAutosomal dominant Development of multiple  B…
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaNevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome or Gorlin Syndrome or Basal Cell NevusAutosomal dominant Development of multiple  B…
Published	10/21/2024	Basal Cell CarcinomaNevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome or Gorlin Syndrome or Basal Cell NevusAutosomal dominant Development of multiple  B…
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Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Melanoma::what condition?}}The most deadly of all skin cancersStrongly linked to acquired mutations caused by exposure to {{c2::UV radiatio…
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaDriver mutations{{c1::CDKN2A gene mutation}}{{c1::RAS and PI3K/AKT signaling}}{{c1::TERT mutation}}{{c1::Loss of PTEN tumor suppressor gene}}
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaParticularly high risk are {{c1::fair-skinned}} individualsMost frequent driver mutation in melanoma affects cell {{c2::cycle control}}, …
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaDriver mutationsCDKN2A gene mutationmutations that disrupt {{c1::cell cycle control genes}}net effect of alterations is increased melanoc…
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaDriver mutations{{c2::RAS}} and {{c2::PI3K/AKT}} signalingactivate {{c1::pro-growth signaling pathways}}activating mutations in RAS …
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaDriver mutationsRAS and PI3K/AKT signalingActivating mutations in {{c1::BRAF}}A serine threonine kinase that is downstream of RASSeen in …
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaDriver mutationsTERT mutationMutations that activate {{c1::telomerase}}Sequencing of sporadic melanomas has identified mutations in the p…
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaABCDEs of MelanomaA - {{c1::Asymmetry}}B - {{c1::Borders}}C - {{c1::Color}}D - {{c1::Diameter}}E - {{c1::Evolution}}
Published	10/21/2024	MelanomaLocally advanced melanomas often {{c1::metastasize}} that’s why early recognition and complete excision are critical{{c1::Metastasized}}&…
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