Notes in L31 + 32 Abdomen I & II

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(SUSPEND) Extra Abdomen

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Published	11/01/2024	the peritoneal cavity has two subdivisions:lesser sac (omental bursa) - {{c1::pouch posterior to stomach, transverse colon, and liver:: where is it lo…
Published	11/01/2024	intraperitoneal organs:S - {{c1::Stomach}}  S - {{c1::Small intestine}}  L - {{c1::Large intestine}}  L - {{c1::Liver}}S - {{c1::spleen…
Published	11/01/2024	The retroperitoneal organs include:S - {{c1::Suprarenal Glands }}A - {{c1::Aorta and IVC}}D - {{c1::Duodenum (2nd, 3rd, and 4th)}}P - {{c1::Pancreas}}…
Published	11/01/2024	gut is divided into:- foregut consists of the {{c2::stomach, liver, and intraperitoneal duodenum}}, and is supplied by {{c1::celiac trunk}})- mid…
Published	11/01/2024	the pringle manuever is {{c1::pinching the lesser sac during surgery}} which {{c1::can prevent bleeding}}
Published	11/01/2024	the spleen is located in the {{c1::the upper left hypochondriac region::region}} adjacent to {{c1::body of stomach, left kidney, spleen, and diaphram:…
Published	11/01/2024	the {{c1::round ligament of the liver}} includes the obliterated remains of the umbilical vein that carried {{c1::well-oxygenated}} blood from th…
Published	11/01/2024	the hepatic artery supplies {{c1::25}}% of the liver's blood. The portal vein supplies {{c1::75}}%
Published	11/01/2024	Vertebral Levels:- The {{c2::superior mesenteric artery}} branches off the abdominal aorta at vertebral level {{c1::L1}}- The {{c2::inferior mese…
Published	11/01/2024	liver cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and backup of the following:{{c1::left gastric::portal vein}} into {{c1::esophageal::systemic vein}} lead…
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Published	11/01/2024	Primary peritonitis is {{c1::an infection of the peritoneal cavity typically in women, when pathogens enter through the vagina and enter the peritonea…
Published	11/01/2024	In abdominal surgery, entering {{c1::laproscopically, vaginally, or posteriorly (trans-lumbar or extraperitoneally)}} is preferred because it avoids {…
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Published	11/01/2024	The omentum is {{c1::a double layer of peritoneum}} which connects {{c1::the stomach and proximal duodenum to other organs}}:- Lesser omentum connects…
Published	11/01/2024	The transverse colon separates the {{c1::supracolic and infracolic}} compartments
Published	11/01/2024	The supracolic and infracolic compartments are connected via the {{c1::paracolic gutter}} which is {{c1::a groove between the colon and abdominal wall…
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Published	11/01/2024	Name the ligaments which connect the following structures:{{c1::Falciform Ligament}} - connects liver to anterior abdominal wallLesser Omentum{{c2::He…
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Published	11/01/2024	The foregut, midgut, and hindgut are derived from {{c1::endoderm::embryonic structure}}, while the only the {{c1::spleen::organ}} in the abdomen is de…
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Published	11/01/2024	The hepatic portal vein is formed from the {{c1::splenic vein}} from the spleen, the {{c1::superior mesenteric vein}} from the midgut, and the {{c1::i…
Published	11/01/2024	Drainage via the hepatic portal vein allows {{c1::detoxification and regulation nutrient-content of the blood::2 functions}} in the liver
Published	11/01/2024	Portal circulation refers to {{c1::drainage of GI tract into the hepatic portal vein}}, wheras caval (systemic) circulation refers to {{c1::drainage o…
Published	11/01/2024	Portal circulation and caval circulation form {{c1::portocaval::specific name}} anastomoses in the {{c2::lower esophogus, anterior abdominal wall (umb…
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Published	11/01/2024	Arteries of the Celiac Trunk (hint - only supples foregut)     - Common hepatic artery - supplies {{c1::liver, gallbladder, stomach, du…
Published	11/01/2024	The splenic artery runs along the {{c1::superior}} surface of the {{c1::pancreas}}
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Published	11/01/2024	Arteries of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (hint - only supples midgut)     - Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal - supplies {{c1::duoden…
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Published	11/01/2024	Arteries of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery (hint - only supples hindgut)     - Left colic artery - supplies {{c1::distal 1/3 of tr…
Published	11/01/2024	Marginal artery (of Drummond) is an anastomosis of the {{c1::middle and left colic arteries::2 vessels}}, forming a "watershed area" because {{c1::it …
Published	11/01/2024	The connection between the greater and lesser sacs of the abdomen is the {{c1::omental foramen/Epiploic foramen/Foramen of Winslow}}.
Published	11/01/2024	Foregut derivatives are innervated by the {{c1::vagus nerve}} and {{c1::postganglionic greater splanchnics}} which synapse at the {{c1::celiac plexus}…
Published	11/01/2024	Midgut derivatives are innervated by the {{c1::vagus nerve}} and {{c1::postganglionic greater and lesser splanchnics}} which synapse at the {{c1::supe…
Published	11/01/2024	Hindgut derivatives are innervated by the {{c1::postganglionic sacral and pelvic splanchnics}} which synapse at the {{c1::inferior mesenteric and infe…
Published	11/02/2024	The aorticorenal (AR) plexus innervates {{c1::the adrenal glands and kidneys}} and is located by the {{c1::SM}} plexus
Published	11/01/2024	The main portion of the GI tract that is not innervated by the vagus nerve is {{c1::the hindgut}}
Published	11/01/2024	In the abdomen, the celiac and SM plexuses contain {{c1::both sympathetic and parasympathetic::sympathetic or parasympathetic}} fibers, and the IM ple…
Published	11/01/2024	Lymphatic drainage of the foregut drains to {{c1::celiac nodes}}, midgut drains to {{c1::SM nodes}}, hindgut drains to {{c1::IM nodes.}} From those no…
Published	11/01/2024	Abdominal Sympathetic System- Thoracic splanchnics (greater and lesser) innervate {{c1::foregut and midgut}}- Thoracic splanchnics (least) innervate {…
Published	11/01/2024	Abdominal Parasympathetic System- Vagus nerve innervates {{c1::the foregut, midgut, kidneys, adrenal glands}}- Pelvic splanchnics innervate {{c1::the …
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Published	11/01/2024	Muscles of the esophagus consist of {{c1::upper 1/3 skeletal muscle and lower 2/3 smooth muscle::type of muscle}}, and contain upper and lower sphinct…
Published	11/01/2024	The lower esophagus is drained by {{c1::the left gastric vein}} to {{c1::the portal venous system}} and {{c1::the esophageal veins}} to {{c1::systemic…
Published	11/01/2024	Esophagus clinical features- Esophageal varicies: {{c1::enlargements of veins in esophagus -> bleeding}}- Pyrosis: {{c2::erosion/burning of esophag…
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Published	11/01/2024	Liver functions:Stores: {{c1::glycogen, fat, protein, iron, vitamins}}Produces: {{c1::plasma proteins, clotting factors, bile}}Metabolizes: {{c1::toxi…
Published	11/01/2024	{{c1::False::True/False}}: The gallbladder produces bile
Published	11/02/2024	The "portal triad" consists of {{c1::the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct to gallbladder}}
Published	11/01/2024	The liver is organized as {{c1::hexogonal lobules of hepatocytes}}, and small portal triads are located at {{c1::the corners of each lobule}}
Published	11/01/2024	The majority of the oxygen requirement for the liver is delivered via {{c1::the hepatic portal VEIN}}
Published	11/01/2024	Liver innervation:- Parasympathetic via {{c1::vagus nerve trunks and branches going}}- Sympathetic via {{c1::greater splanchnic which synapses at the …
Published	11/02/2024	Portocaval / Portal-Systemic Anastomoses:- Esophagus: {{c1::Left gastric vein and esophageal vein::name the portal and systemic veins}}- Rectum: {{c2:…
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Published	11/01/2024	"Snakes on abdomen" appearance, known formally as {{c1::caput medusae}}, is a sign of {{c1::cirrhosis and portal hypertension (specifically, the engou…
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Published	11/02/2024	Bile is made by {{c1::hepatocytes in the liver}}, {{c1::50mL::quantity}} is stored in the {{c1::gallbladder}} at any given time, and it serves to {{c1…
Published	11/02/2024	Following the path of bile:- Made in Liver- Travels through {{c1::the left or right hepatic duct::duct}} to the- {{c1::Common hepatic duct::duct}}, th…
Published	11/01/2024	Gallbladder vessels:- Supplied by: {{c1::the cystic artery}} which comes off the {{c1::Right Hepatic artery}}- Drained by : {{c1::cystic veins}} which…
Published	11/02/2024	Gallbladder Innervation:- Parasympathetic: {{c1::trunks and branches of vagus nerve}} which causes {{c1::contraction::effect}}- Sympathetic: {{c1::pos…
Published	11/01/2024	Cholelithiasis is {{c1::gallstones (cholesterol crystals)}}, which cause symptoms when {{c1::the gallstone increases in size or obstructs a duct}}.&nb…
Published	11/01/2024	Murphy's sign is {{c1::the elicitation of pain due to palpation along right costal margin}} and is a sign of {{c1::cholecystitis}}.
Published	11/01/2024	Removal of the gallbladder is called {{c1::cholecystectomy}}
Published	11/01/2024	Spleen functions:- Relating to blood: {{c1::breaks down old RBCs and platelets, recycles iron and globin, and stores RBCs and platelets (for "self-tra…
Published	11/01/2024	{{c1::False::True/False}}: the spleen is part of the foregut
Published	11/01/2024	Spleen Vessels:- The spleen is supplied by the {{c1::splenic artery (which comes off the celiac trunk and follows the pancreas)}}- Lymph is drained to…
Published	11/01/2024	Spleen Innervation:- The spleen is parasympathetically innervated by {{c1::vagal trunks and branches}}- And sympathetically innervated by {{c1::postga…
Published	11/03/2024	Liver Vessels:- The liver is supplied by {{c1::the (common and proper) hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein::2 separate vessels}}- The blood is …
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Splenomegaly::Condition}} is the enlargement of the spleen, due to:- {{c1::Infection}}- {{c1::Cancer}}- {{c1::Heart failure}}- {{c1::Cirrhosis}}…
Published	11/02/2024	Spleens can rupture due to {{c1::car accidents or falls::2 examples}}, which require a {{c1::splenectomy}}, which is the procedure to remove all or pa…
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Published	11/01/2024	Stomach Structures:- {{c1::Lower esophageal}} sphincter is between esophagus and stomach and is under nonvoluntary control- {{c1::Pyloric}} sphincter …
Published	11/01/2024	Stomach Vessels:- The stomach is supplied by various branches off the {{c1::celiac trunk}}     - The {{c1::left and right gastric arter…
Published	11/05/2024	Arteries of the Stomach:- The left gastric artery is a branch of the {{c1::celiac trunk}}- The right gastric arteries branch off the {{c1::common hepa…
Published	11/01/2024	Innervation of the stomach:- Parasympathetically innervated by {{c1::trunks of the vagus nerve}} which serve to {{c1::relax the pyloric and lower esop…
Published	11/01/2024	Stomach carcinomas are usually found in the {{c1::pyloric region/lower body::part of stomach}} and usually metastasize to the {{c1::liver::organ}} via…
Published	11/01/2024	{{c1::Pyloric stenosis}} is the narrowing of the the pyloric canal/sphincter in babies, causing {{c1::forceful vomiting and dehydration::symptoms}}
Published	11/02/2024	Gastric (peptic) ulcers are usually caused by {{c2::H. pylori::bacteria}} and are due {{c3::to acid secretions eroding the gastric mucosa::cause}}. If…
Published	11/01/2024	The pancreas can be divided by 2 cell types:- {{c2::Pancreatic ancenar}} cells are the {{c1::exocrine}} portion of the pancreas and produce {{c1::panc…
Published	11/02/2024	An annular pancreas is {{c1::when the uncinate process splits and encircles the duodenum}}
Published	11/01/2024	Structures of the Pancreas:- Pancreas is formed by {{c1::the fusion of the ventral and dorsal pancreas}}- Consists of 4 parts: {{c1::head, neck, body,…
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Published	11/01/2024	Vessels of the Pancreas:- Neck, body, and tail of the panceas is supplied by {{c1::pancreatic arteries}} which branch from the {{c1::splenic artery, w…
Published	11/02/2024	Innervation of the pancreas:- Parasympathetic from {{c1::trunks and branches of vagus nerve}}- Sympathetically from {{c1::postganglionic greater and l…
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Published	11/02/2024	The separation between the foregut and midgut is between {{c1::the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum::2 structures}}
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Published	11/01/2024	Structures of the Duodenum:- Superior duodenum is known as the {{c1::ampulla or duodenal cap}} and uniquely (in the duodenum) contains {{c1::smooth mu…
Published	11/01/2024	Vessels of the Duodenum:- Foregut portion supplied by {{c1::superior pancreaticoduodenal artery}} which branches from the {{c1::gastroduodenal artery …
Published	11/01/2024	Innervation of the Duodenum:- Parasympathetic from trunk and branches of vagus nerve- Sympathetically from {{c1::postganglionic fibers of the greater …
Published	11/02/2024	Duodenal (peptic) ulcers are {{c1::inflammed erosions of the duodenal mucosa}} usually due to a H. pylori infection. Most occur in the {{c1::posterior…
Published	11/01/2024	The first part of the small intestine is the {{c1::jejunum}} and the second part is the {{c1::ileum}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Compare and Contrast the Jejunum and Ileum  JejunumIleumFat in Mesentary{{c1::Less}}{{c1::More}}# of arterial arcades{{c1::Fewer}}{{c1::More}}len…
Published	11/01/2024	Small Intestine Structures:- Mesentery functions to {{c1::attach small intesting to posterior wall and route blood vessels and nerves::2 functions}}- …
Published	11/01/2024	Vessels of the small intestine:- Supplied by {{c1::jejunal and ileal arteries}} which branch from {{c1::the superior mesenteric artery}}- Blood is dra…
Published	11/01/2024	Small Intestine Innvervation:- Parasympathetic innervation from {{c1::vagal trunk branches}} which synapse in {{c1::myenteric and submucosal plexuses}…
Published	11/01/2024	The separation between the midgut and the hindgut is {{c1::2/3 through the transverse colon}}
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Published	11/01/2024	The separation between the hindgut and the ectoderm is between the {{c1::rectum and anal canal::2 structures}} and is called the {{c1::pectinate}} lin…
Published	11/01/2024	Appendicitis is {{c1::an infection/inflammation of the appendix}}, and is fixed with {{c1::an appendectomy::procedure}}.When doing procedure, the appe…
Published	11/01/2024	Structures of the large intestine:- The cecum is {{c1::a blind intestinal pouch}}- Ileocecal valve is not a {{c1::sphincter}}, but a {{c1::poorly deve…
Published	11/01/2024	Vessels of the large intestine:- Vessels that supply the cecum to the transverse colon branch off the {{c1::SMA}}     - The cecum is su…
Published	11/01/2024	Innervation of the large intestine:- Up to splenic flexure, it is autonomically innervated via the {{c1::superior mesenteric}} plexus, with parasympat…
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