Notes in Handout 2

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Published	10/17/2023	Where does glycolysis take place?
Published	10/21/2023	Organelles + Functions:1. {{c1::Cytosol}}: {{c2::enzymes in glycolysis are in cytosol + many reactions of gluconeogenesis in cytosol, ribosomes for pr…
Published	10/21/2023	ATP Structure:{{c1::Adenine nitrogenous}} base, {{c1::ribose}} sugar, {{c1::3}} phosphate groups.Contains {{c3::Phosphoanhydr…
Published	10/21/2023	Explain Coupling reaction (how does the body make something not favorable to occur?)1. Glucose + Pi → Glucose-6-P:To add inorganic phosphate to glucos…
Published	10/21/2023	Explain Coupling reaction (how does the body make something not favorable to occur?)2. Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP  → Pyruvate + ATPPhosphoeno…
Published	10/21/2023	How does Oral Absorption occur?- Oral glucose absorption requires {{c1::low}} sodium concentration in brush border cell, and {{c1::high…
Published	10/21/2023	Inhibitor of SGLT1 does not treat {{c1::diabetes}} cause it is found in {{c1::other parts of body}}.
Published	10/21/2023	Little glucose in urine since it is {{c1::reabsorbed by SGLT2 in kidney}}.
Published	10/21/2023	{{c1::Dapagliflozin}} treats diabetes by {{c2::inhibiting SGLT2 in the kidney (renal) to lower blood glucose}}.
Published	10/21/2023	P-Glycoprotein (Example of {{c1::ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter}})1. Membrane protein that changes conformation when {{c2::ATP binds → hy…
Published	10/21/2023	{{c1::Warburg Effect}} - cancer cells rely on glycolysis (substrate level phosphorylation w/o oxygen) for ATP production.
Published	10/21/2023	Glycolysis Pathway where glucose oxidized and cleaved → {{c1::pyruvate and ATP}} made by {{c2::substrate level phosphorylation}} Occurs…
Published	10/21/2023	Chemical Strategy of Glycolysis (3 Steps){{c1::Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose (F6P) to form phosphorylated intermediate using ATP}} {{c2…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 1: {{c1::Glucose → G6P}} (Irreversible Reaction) Mg2+ used by Hexokinase enzyme to bind to {{c3::ATP (O- of beta and alpha pho…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 2: {{c1::Isomerization of G6P → F6P}} G6P ({{c2::6}} membered ring) → F6P ({{c2::5}} membered ring) {{c2::PGI enzyme…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 3: {{c1::F6P → FBP}} (Irreversible Reaction)Mg2+ used by {{c2::PFK (phosphofructokinase)}} to bind {{c4::ATP + shield electro…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 4: {{c1::FBP → DHAP + GAP}} {{c2::Cleavage}} of FBP (6C) done by {{c3::Aldolase}} to DHAP (3C) and GAP (3C) Uses&nb…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 5: {{c1::Isomerization of GAP}} {{c2::Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM)}} isomerizes GAP and DHAP → GAP proceeds in glycolysis&nbsp…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 6: {{c1::GAP → 1,3-BPG }}{{c2::GAPDH}} enzyme active site has {{c3::Cys and general base}} to make {{c4::Cys more nucleophili…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 7: {{c1::1,3-BPG → 3PG}}{{c2::PGK}} enzyme w/ {{c3::Mg2+}} in active site binds {{c3::1,3-BPG and ADP}} to form {{c3::3PG…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 8: {{c1::3PG → 2PG}}{{c2::PGM Isomerase}} enzyme {{c3::isomerizes 3PG to 2PG }}{{c2::PGM}} uses {{c4::phosphohistidine}}&nbsp…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 9: {{c1::2PG → PEP}}{{c2::Enolase}} enzyme removes {{c3::water from 2PG}} using {{c4::general acid and base}} → makes&nb…
Published	10/21/2023	Reaction 10: {{c1::PEP → Pyruvate}} (Irreversible) {{c2::PK (protein kinase)}} enzyme has {{c3::Mg2+}} in active site that binds&…
Published	10/21/2023	Anaerobic Fate of Pyruvate Regeneration of {{c1::NAD+}} required in glycolysis to continuously make ATP in the cytosol {{c2::Lactate d…
Published	10/21/2023	Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate (oxygen used to make ATP) Pyruvate transported to {{c1::mitochondria and enter citric acid cycle}} Shuttle systems…
Published	10/21/2023	Glycerophosphate Shuttle (brain + skeletal muscle) NAD+ needs to be regenerated for glycolysis since {{c1::GAP → 1,3BPG needs NAD+ }}P…
Published	10/21/2023	Transamination Reaction ***Every amino acid has corresponding {{c1::alpha keto acid (change amino group for carbonyl C=O) → amino group can be a…
Published	10/21/2023	Malate-Aspartate Shuttle (heart, liver, kidney cells) {{c1::Malate dehydrogenase}} regenerates NAD+ by adding {{c2::H from NADH to Oxaloacetate →…
Published	10/21/2023	Regulation in Glycolysis {{c1::PFK enzyme}} is rate limiting or where regulation occurs PFK is allosteric enzyme AMP- {{c2::allost…
Published	10/21/2023	Gluconeogenesis (Reverse of Glycolysis) Mainly occurs in liver since lactate is brought back to liver Lactate from blood → liver → become P…
Status	Last Update	Fields