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Notes in L34 NS Path 4 ( Demylinating Disease & Brain tumors)

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Published 09/11/2023 Interferon {{c1::beta}} may be used to treat {{c2::multiple sclerosis}}
Published 09/11/2023 In SIADH, serum Na+ levels must be corrected slowly to prevent {{c1::osmotic demyelination}} syndrome
Published 09/11/2023 What is a serious complication of vaptans (e.g. tolvaptan, conivaptan) that may occur if SIADH-induced hyponatremia is corrected too quickly? {{c1::Ce…
Published 09/11/2023 Vitamin {{c3::B1 (thiamine)}} deficiency causes impaired {{c1::glucose}} breakdown with consequent {{c2::ATP}} depletion
Published 09/11/2023 ATP depletion in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is worsened by {{c1::glucose}} infusion
Published 09/11/2023 Which tissues are affected first in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency? {{c1::Highly aerobic tissue (e.g. brain, heart)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Vitamin B1 deficiency is seen in {{c1::alcoholism}} and {{c2::malnutrition}}
Published 09/11/2023 One complication of vitamin {{c2::B1}} deficiency is {{c1::Wernicke-Korsakoff}} syndrome
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by a triad of {{c1::ophthalmoplegia}}, {{c2::ataxia}}, and {{c3::confusion}}
Published 09/11/2023 Is the memory loss associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome temporary or permanent? {{c1::Permanent}}
Published 09/11/2023 Vitamin {{c2::B1}} deficiency is associated with wet and dry {{c1::beriberi}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c3::Dry}} beriberi is characterized by {{c1::polyneuritis}} and symmetrical {{c2::muscle wasting}}
Published 09/11/2023 Diagnosis of B1 (thiamine) deficiency is made by measuring increased {{c1::transketolase}} activity in {{c2::red blood cells}} following thiamine admi…
Published 09/11/2023 Oligodendrocytes have a "{{c1::fried egg}}" appearance histologically
Published 09/11/2023 Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus {{c1::increasing}} the space (length) constant
Published 09/11/2023 What neurological pathology commonly causes medial longitudinal fasciculus lesions? {{c1::Multiple sclerosis}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)}} is a slow-growing tumor that typically arises from Schwann cells in the vestibular nerve
Published 09/11/2023 Vestibular schwannomas are typically located on CN VIII in the {{c1::internal acoustic meatus}}
Published 09/11/2023 Vestibular schwannomas may extend outside the internal acoustic meatus to the {{c1::cerebellopontine}} angle
Published 09/11/2023 Lesions of the {{c2::posterior}} cerebellar vermis usually result from medulloblastomas or ependymomas and present with {{c1::truncal}} ataxia
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Parinaud}} syndrome is characterized by paralysis of {{c1::conjugate vertical gaze}} due to a lesion in the {{c3::dorsal midbrain}} (e.g. stroke…
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke encephalopathy is characterized by a triad of {{c1::confusion}}, {{c2::ophthalmoplegia}}, and {{c3::ataxia}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Korsakoff}} syndrome is a late manifestion of Wernicke encephalopathy characterized by {{c1::confabulations}}, irreversible memory loss, and per…
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by:- damage {{c1::bi}}laterally to the {{c1::mammillary bodies}} - periventricular hemorrhagic lesions to…
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is associated with {{c1::thiamine (B1)}} deficiency and excessive {{c2::alcohol}} use
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome can be precipitated by giving {{c1::glucose}} without B1 to a B1 deficient patient
Published 09/11/2023 Demyelinating disorders are characterized by destruction of {{c1::myelin}} or {{c2::oligodendrocytes}}
Published 09/11/2023 Demyelinating disorders generally result in {{c1::preservation::destruction or preservation}} of axons
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is an {{c2::autoimmune}} destruction of CNS myelin and {{c1::oligodendrocytes}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Multiple sclerosis}} is the most common chronic CNS disease of young adults
Published 09/11/2023 What demographic is most commonly affected by multiple sclerosis?{{c1::Females in their 20s and 30s::age, gender}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is associated with HLA-{{c1::DR2}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is more commonly seen in caucasians in regions {{c1::away from::towards or away from}} the equator
Published 09/11/2023 What CNS pathology is characterized by "multiple lesions in time and space"?{{c1::Multiple sclerosis}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis may cause {{c1::optic neuritis}}, resulting in sudden loss of vision and {{c2::Marcus Gunn}} pupils
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis may present with vertigo and {{c1::scanning}} speech due to involvement of the brainstem (mimics alcohol intoxication)
Published 09/11/2023 Which symptoms can be caused by multiple sclerosis: hemiparesis or hemisensory symptoms{{c1::Both :)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis may present with {{c1::bowel}} and {{c1::bladder}} dysfunction due to involvement of the ANS
Published 09/11/2023 {{c6::Multiple sclerosis}} most commonly manifests with fatigue, but may also present with (mnemonic = SIIIN)S: {{c1::Scanning speech}}I: {{c2::I…
Published 09/11/2023 What imaging modality is the gold standard for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis?{{c1::MRI}}
Published 09/11/2023 What MRI finding is associated with multiple sclerosis?{{c1::Periventricular plaques}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is characterized by increased levels of Ig{{c1::G}} in the CSF
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Oligoclonal}} bands of IgG on high resolution electrophoresis is diagnostic of {{c2::multiple sclerosis}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is characterized by increased levels of {{c1::myelin basic}} protein in the CSF
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is characterized by {{c1::increased}} levels of lymphocytes in the CSF
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Multiple sclerosis}} is characterized grossly by {{c1::gray}}-appearing plaques in the white matter
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis symptoms are often worsened upon exposure to {{c1::heat::temperature}} 
Published 09/11/2023 Treatment for acute attacks of multiple sclerosis include high-dose {{c1::steroids}}
Published 09/11/2023 Long-term treatment of multiple sclerosis with disease-modifying therapies stop {{c1::relapses}} and halt/slows progression of disease (options includ…
Published 09/11/2023 Symptomatic treatment of {{c1::neurogenic}} bladder in MS patients may include catheterization and/or muscarinic antagonists
Published 09/11/2023 Symptomatic treatment of {{c1::spasticity}} in MS patients may include baclofen or other GABAB receptor agonists
Published 09/11/2023 Symptomatic treatment of {{c1::pain}} in MS patients may include TCAs and anticonvulsants
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome}} is also referred to as {{c1::Central pontine myelinolysis}}
Published 09/11/2023 Osmotic demyelination syndrome is characterized by massive axonal demyelination of the {{c1::pons::brain stem area}}
Published 09/11/2023 Rapid correction of {{c1::hypo}}-natremia results in {{c2::Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome}}
Published 09/11/2023 Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome typically occurs in severely {{c1::malnourished}} patients
Published 09/11/2023 Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome classically presents as "{{c1::locked in}}" syndrome
Published 09/11/2023 What percent of CNS tumors are from metastasis? {{c1::50% (50% primary)}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Metastatic}} CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the {{c1::gray-white}} junction
Published 09/11/2023 Cancer of what organ most commonly metastasizes to the brain?{{c1::Lung}}
Published 09/11/2023 In {{c2::adults}}, primary CNS tumors are usually {{c1::supra}}-tentorial
Published 09/11/2023 In {{c2::children}}, primary CNS tumors are usually {{c1::infra}}-tentorial
Published 09/11/2023 Do primary malignant CNS tumors typically metastasize? {{c1::No}}
Published 09/11/2023 Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a {{c1::malignant}}, high-grade tumor of {{c2::astrocytes}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is the most common primary malignant CNS tumor in adults? {{c1::Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c3::Glioblastoma multiforme}} is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the {{c2::cerebral hemispheres}} and characteristically crosses the {{c1::corpus…
Published 09/11/2023 Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized histologically by "{{c1::pseudo-palisading}}" tumor cells, which are tumor cells surrounding regions of {{c2:…
Published 09/11/2023 Which CNS tumor is characterized by histologically by "pseudopalisading"? {{c1::Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by {{c1::endothelial::type-not astrocyte}} cell proliferation
Published 09/11/2023 The tumor cells of glioblastoma multiforme stain positive for {{c1::GFAP}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is the prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme? {{c1::Poor; 1-year median survival}}
Published 09/11/2023 Meningioma is a {{c1::benign}} tumor of {{c2::arachnoid cells::specific}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is the most common primary benign CNS tumor in adults? {{c1::Meningioma}}
Published 09/11/2023 What gender is more commonly affected by meningioma? {{c1::Women}}
Published 09/11/2023 What receptor is expressed by meningiomas? {{c1::Progesterone receptors}}
Published 09/11/2023 Meningiomas are often asymptomatic but may present with {{c1::seizures}} or focal neurologic signs
Published 09/11/2023 Do meningiomas typically invade the cortex? {{c1::No (external to brain parenchyma)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Meningiomas are characterized histologically by spindle cells concentrically arranged in a {{c1::whorled}} pattern
Published 09/11/2023 Meningiomas are characterized histologically by presence of {{c1::psammoma}} bodies
Published 09/11/2023 Which CNS tumor is characterized histologically by a whorled pattern +/- psammoma bodies? {{c1::Meningioma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Meningiomas most often occur near surfaces of the brain, especially {{c1::parasagittal}} regions
Published 09/11/2023 Imaging of {{c2::meningioma}} (CNS tumor) reveals a round mass attached to the {{c1::dura (via a "tail")}}
Published 09/11/2023 Meningiomas are treated with {{c1::resection}} and/or radiosurgery
Published 09/11/2023 Schwannoma is a {{c1::benign}} tumor of {{c2::Schwann cells}}
Published 09/11/2023 Is Schwannoma typically seen in adults or children? {{c1::Adults}}
Published 09/11/2023 Schwannomas classically arise at the {{c1::cerebellopontine}} angle
Published 09/11/2023 Schwannomas most frequently involve CN {{c1::VIII}}, but can involve any cranial or spinal nerve
Published 09/11/2023 The tumor cells of a Schwannoma stain positive for {{c1::S-100}}
Published 09/11/2023 Bilateral {{c2::vestibular}} schwannomas are seen in {{c1::neurofibromatosis 2 (NF-2)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Schwannomas are treated with {{c1::resection}} and/or stereotactic radiosurgery
Published 09/11/2023 Oligodendroglioma is a {{c1::malignant}} tumor of {{c2::oligodendrocytes}}
Published 09/11/2023 Imaging of oligodendroglioma typically reveals a {{c2::calcified}} tumor in the white matter, usually involving the {{c1::frontal}} lobe
Published 09/11/2023 Oligodendroglioma may present with {{c1::seizures}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Oligodendroglioma}} is a primary CNS tumor characterized histologically by "fried egg" cells with a "{{c1::chicken-wire}}" capillary pattern
Published 09/11/2023 Pilocytic astrocytoma is a {{c1::benign}}, well-circumscribed tumor of {{c2::astrocytes}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is the most common primary CNS tumor in children? {{c1::Pilocytic astrocytoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Pilocytic astrocytomas are most often found in the posterior fossa, such as the {{c1::cerebellum}}; may be supratentorial
Published 09/11/2023 Imaging of {{c2::pilocytic astrocytomas::CNS tumor}} reveal a {{c1::cystic}} lesion with a mural nodule
Published 09/11/2023 Biopsy of a {{c1::pilocytic astrocytoma}} shows {{c2::Rosenthal}} fibers, which are eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers
Published 09/11/2023 The tumor cells of pilocytic astrocytomas stain positive for {{c1::GFAP}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is the prognosis of pilocytic astrocytoma? {{c1::Good}}
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastoma is a {{c1::malignant}} tumor derived from {{c2::granule}} cells of the {{c3::cerebellum}}
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastoma is a form of primitive {{c1::neuroectodermal}} tumor (embryonic tissue origin)
Published 09/11/2023 Is medulloblastoma typically seen in adults or children? {{c1::Children}}
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastoma is characterized histologically by small {{c2::blue::color}} cells with {{c1::Homer-Wright}} rosettes
Published 09/11/2023 What primary CNS tumor is associated with Homer-Wright rosettes? {{c1::Medulloblastoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastoma can compress the {{c1::4th ventricle}}, causing noncommunicating hydrocephalus
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastomas grow rapidly and spread via {{c1::CSF}}
Published 09/11/2023 Metastasis of medulloblastomas to the {{c1::spinal cord}} is termed "drop metastasis"
Published 09/11/2023 What is the prognosis of medulloblastoma? {{c1::Poor}}
Published 09/11/2023 Ependymoma is a {{c1::malignant}} tumor of {{c2::ependymal cells}}
Published 09/11/2023 Is ependymoma typically seen in adults or children? {{c1::Children}}
Published 09/11/2023 Ependymomas most commonly arise in the {{c1::4th ventricle}}
Published 09/11/2023 Ependymomas may present with {{c1::hydrocephalus}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Ependymomas}} are CNS tumors characterized histologically by {{c1::perivascular pseudorosettes}}
Published 09/11/2023 Which CNS tumor may have rod-shaped blepharoblasts (basal ciliary bodies) found near the nucleus? {{c1::Ependymoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is the prognosis of ependymoma? {{c1::Poor}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Craniopharyngioma}} is a CNS tumor that arises from epithelial remnants of {{c1::Rathke's pouch (oral ectoderm)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Craniopharyngioma is the most common childhood {{c1::supra}}-tentorial tumor
Published 09/11/2023 Craniopharyngioma typically presents as a {{c1::supra}}-tentorial mass in a {{c2::child}} or {{c2::young adult::age group}} 
Published 09/11/2023 Which CNS tumor compresses the optic chiasm, causing bitemporal hemianopsia, in children? {{c1::Craniopharyngioma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Which CNS tumor is characterized by cholesterol crystals found in "motor-oil"-like fluid within the tumor?{{c1::Craniopharyngioma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Craniopharyngiomas commonly {{c1::calcify}}, which is visible on imaging and histology
Published 09/11/2023 Are craniopharyngiomas benign or malignant?{{c1::Benign}}
Published 09/11/2023 Craniopharyngiomas tend to recur after {{c1::resection}}
Published 09/11/2023 Which nervous system cell is typically damaged by Guillain-Barre syndrome? {{c1::Schwann cells}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is associated with a sensation of an {{c2::electric shock}} running down the spine upon {{c1::neck}} flexion (Lhermitte phenomenon)…
Published 09/11/2023 Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy is the most common subtype of {{c1::Guillain-Barre}} syndrome
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Guillain-Barre}} syndrome results in symmetric {{c1::ascending::ascending or descending}} muscle weakness/paralysis 
Published 09/11/2023 Guillain-Barre syndrome is associated with {{c1::decreased}} DTRs beginning in the lower extremities
Published 09/11/2023 Cranial nerve involvement in Guillain-Barre syndrome commonly results in {{c1::facial}} paralysis (50% of cases)
Published 09/11/2023 Guillain-Barre syndrome may be associated with cardiopulmonary irregularities and fluctuations in {{c1::blood pressure}} (autonomic dysfunction)
Published 09/11/2023 Guillain-Barre syndrome is associated with {{c1::increased}} CSF protein and {{c2::normal}} cell count, which may cause papilledema
Published 09/11/2023 Guillain-Barre syndrome can arise due to the immunologic phenomenon known as {{c1::molecular mimicry}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis}} is a multifocal inflammation and demyelination of the CNS after infection or v…
Published 09/11/2023 Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis presents with {{c1::rapidly}} progressive multifocal neurologic symptoms and altered mental stat…
Published 09/11/2023 Neurofibromatosis type I is associated with mutations in the {{c2::NF1}} tumor suppressor gene on chromosome {{c1::17}}
Published 09/11/2023 What cutaneous findings are associated with neurofibromatosis I? {{c1::Cafe-au-lait spots}} and {{c2::cutaneous neurofibromas}}
Published 09/11/2023 Neurofibromatosis {{c2::I}} is associated with optic glioma and {{c1::Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas)::eye findings}} 
Published 09/11/2023 Which neurocutaneous disorder is associated with cafe-au-lait spots, cutaneous neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules? {{c1::Neurofibromatosis I}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Neurofibromatosis II}} is a neurocutaneous disorder associated with {{c1::bilateral acoustic schwannomas::ear findings}} 
Published 09/11/2023 What CNS tumors are associated with neurofibromatosis II? {{c1::Meningioma}} and {{c2::ependymoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 The characteristics of {{c5::von Hippel-Lindau}} disease may be remembered with the mnemonic "HARP": H: {{c1::Hemangioblastomas in retina, brain stem,…
Published 09/11/2023 Which feature of von Hippel-Lindau disease is seen in the image below? {{c1::Hemangioblastoma (high vascularity with hyperchromatic nuclei)}}
Published 09/11/2023 What part of the brain is most often affected by hemangioblastoma? {{c1::Cerebellum}}
Published 09/11/2023 What hormone may be produced by hemangioblastomas? {{c1::Erythropoietin}}
Published 09/11/2023 What CNS tumor is seen in the histology slide below? {{c1::Hemangioblastoma (closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenc…
Published 09/11/2023 Functional pituitary adenoma is most commonly from adenoma of {{c1::lactotrophs (prolactinoma)}}
Published 09/11/2023 What visual deficit is associated with pituitary adenoma? {{c1::Bitemporal hemianopsia}}
Published 09/11/2023 Sequelae of pituitary adenoma include hyper- and hypopituitarism, which may be caused by pituitary {{c1::apoplexy}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Pinealoma}} is a tumor of the pineal gland
Published 09/11/2023 Pinealoma may cause {{c1::obstructive hydrocephalus}} due to compression of the cerebral aqueduct
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Pinealoma}} is a CNS tumor that is similar to germ cell tumors (e.g. testicular seminoma)
Published 09/11/2023 Korsakoff syndrome causes both retro- and anterograde amnesia, however, {{c1::anterograde}} amnesia is more prominent
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Confabulations}} are characteristic of Korsakoff syndrome
Published 09/11/2023 Guillain-Barre syndrome results in {{c1::inflammation}} and segmental {{c2::demyelination}} of peripheral nerves and motor fibers
Published 09/11/2023 Which type of brain tumor typically appears as a well-circumscribed, calcified, extra-axial, dural-based mass in a female?{{c1::Meningioma}}
Published 09/11/2023 When performing Immunohistochemistry; a {{c1::Vimentin}} stain can be used to identify Sarcomas, Endometrial Carcinoma, RCC, Meningioma
Published 09/11/2023 When performing Immunohistochemistry; a {{c1::Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)}} stain can be used to identify Astrocytomas, Glioblastomas, Olig…
Published 09/11/2023 What complication may result from correcting hyponatremia too quickly?{{c1::Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)}}
Published 09/11/2023 Recombinant IFN-β can be used to treat {{c1::Multiple Sclerosis}} (Type IV HS disease)
Published 09/11/2023 Alcoholic {{c1::cerebellar}} degeneration typically affects patients with extensive alcohol abuse and presents with progressive wide-based gait and po…
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke encephalopathy typically manifests as a triad of {{c1::encephalopathy}}, {{c2::oculomotor dysfunction}}, and {{c3::gait ataxia}}
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke encephalopathy may be induced iatrogenically by the administration of {{c1::glucose}} without thiamine in an alcoholic or malnourished patien…
Published 09/11/2023 CSF analysis in {{c1::Guillain-Barre}} syndrome will reveal {{c2::albuminocytologic}} dissociation
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastoma is a posterior fossa tumor of childhood that typically arises from the {{c1::cerebellar vermis::location}}.
Published 09/11/2023 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can be seen after infection by {{c1::chickenpox}} / {{c1::measles}}, or the {{c2::rabies}} / {{c2::small pox}} va…
Published 09/11/2023 Which MEN syndrome can have multiple angiofibromas, collagenomas, meningiomas, and lipomas?{{c1::MEN1}}
Published 09/11/2023 Schwannomas are biphasic tumors; containing dense, hypercellular areas containing {{c1::spindle}} cells alternating with hypocellular, {{c1::myxoid}} …
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple sclerosis is characterized histologically by {{c1::perivenular}} inflammatory infiltrates
Published 09/11/2023 Residual chronic findings of multiple sclerosis include hypertrophy and hyperplasia of {{c1::astrocytes}}
Published 09/11/2023 On gross examination, glioblastomas are soft and poorly defined with areas of {{c1::necrosis}} and {{c1::hemorrhage}}
Published 09/11/2023 Brain metastases are commonly seen as multiple {{c1::well-circumscribed}} tumors at {{c2::grey-white matter}} junction
Published 09/11/2023 Neurofibromatosis 1 can present with bony abnormalities; including sphenoid dysplasia, scoliosis, and congenital {{c1::pseudoarthrosis}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c2::Ependymoma}} is a pediatric brain tumor may present as {{c1::obstructive hydrocephalus}} and will appear as a mass with scattered calcifications…
Published 09/11/2023 Psammoma bodies associated with?{{c1::Papillary carcinoma of thyroidSerous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovaryMeningiomaMalignant Mesothelioma}}
Published 09/11/2023 The "knee-chest" position opens flow of CSF fluid to relieve headache = {{c1::ependymoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Medulloblastoma is a posterior fossa tumor of childhood that typically arises from the {{c1::cerebellar vermis::location}} and causes hydrocephalus du…
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke encephalopathy typically manifests as a triad of {{c1::encephalopathy}}, {{c1::gait ataxia}}, and {{c1::oculomotor dysfunction}}.
Published 09/11/2023 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by damage to the {{c1::dorsomedial}} nucleus of the thalamus and {{c2::mammillary bodies}}.
Published 09/11/2023 Alcoholic {{c1::cerebellar}} degeneration typically affects patients with extensive alcohol abuse and presents with progressive gait instability, trun…
Published 09/11/2023 Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration is caused by damage to the {{c1::Purkinje}} cells in the {{c2::anterior cerebellar vermis}}
Published 09/11/2023 Multiple Sclerosis may present with {{c1::Lhermitte's}} sign, characterized by electric shock sensation running down the spine upon neck fle…
Published 09/11/2023 What CNS tumors are associated with neurofibromatosis II? {{c1::meningioma}} and {{c2::ependymoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 Which pediatric brain tumor is most commonly associated with raised intracranial pressure?{{c1::Medulloblastoma}}
Published 09/11/2023 {{c1::Medulloblastomas}} are soft friable brain tumors with areas of necrosis that may contain {{c2::MYC}} amplifications
Published 09/11/2023 What is the most common glioma in adults?{{c1::Astrocytomas}}
Published 09/11/2023 Altered mental status, headache, intracranial hypertension, and seizures are symptoms of {{c1::pediatric and adult::pediatric/adul…
Published 09/11/2023 Glioblastomas are most common in the {{c1::frontal and temporal::2}} lobes
Published 09/11/2023 Thick peripheral rim enhancement on MRI is the characteristic appearance of {{c1::glioblastomas::which adult tumor?}}
Published 09/11/2023 Hemangioblastomas have {{c1::normal::normal/abnormal}} capillary architecture
Published 09/11/2023 Metastases to the CNS typically display an area of central {{c1::necrosis}} with surrounding vasogenic edema at the grey-white junction…
Published 09/11/2023 Oligodendrogliomas are most frequent around age {{c1::40}}-{{c1::50}}
Published 09/11/2023 Which pediatric CNS tumor is well-circumscribed with solid and cystic component(s)?{{c1::Ependymomas}}
Published 09/11/2023 Primary CNS germ cell tumors are most commonly {{c1::germinomas}} (similar to testicular seminomas)
Published 09/11/2023 Infratentorial tumors may present with {{c1::obstructive (non-communicating)}} hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the 4th ventricle&nb…
Published 09/11/2023 What pediatric CNS tumor is composed of cells with long "hairlike" processes?{{c1::Pilocytic Astrocytomas}}
Published 09/11/2023 What is used to diagnose vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)?{{c1::MRI of the internal auditory canals}}
Published 09/11/2023 NF1 may present with other CNS tumors such as meningiomas, {{c1::astrocytomas}}, and other gliomas
Published 09/11/2023 Vestibular Schwannomas are {{c2::encapsulated::encapsulated/unencapsulated}} tumors of neoplastic Schwann cells with alternating areas of hyperce…
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