Notes in Genitourinary

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Published	02/18/2024	Regarding prostate cancer, briefly describe;  i. the disadvantages associated with Trans-rectal ultrasound guided biopsies in the detection of pr…
Published	02/18/2024	Saturation biopsy (inprostate cancer) is a form of TRUS-guided biopsy that involves extensive sampling of the prostate, obtaining up to {{c1::24}} cor…
Published	02/18/2024	Trans urethral resection of the prostate (TURP) & biopsy is used for patients in whom suspicion for prostate cancer remains inspite of a{{c1:…
Published	02/18/2024	Regarding prostate cancer, briefly describe: MRI targeted biopsies. List the techniques that may be used
Published	02/18/2024	Regarding grading of Prostate cancer on a biopsy specimen, describe:   i. the issues associated with the Gleason score grading system (1 mar…
Published	02/18/2024	Regarding grading of Prostate cancer on a biopsy specimen, describe the Criteria used in the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP)…
Published	02/18/2024	For a radical prostatectomy - list & briefly comment on all the core elements that should be included in the synoptic histopathology reportin…
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the role of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) in monitoring a patient following a radical prostatectomy. (1.5 marks)
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the role of systemic therapy in the management of metastatic prostate cancer. Include in your answer the class of agents used, duration of the…
Published	02/18/2024	Androgen deprivation therapy is associated with a number of potential side effects. Discuss the management of these potential side effects including p…
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the role of intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Include in your discussion the expected testosterone and Prostate Specific Antige…
Published	02/18/2024	What are the current and investigational radiation treatment options available  for definitive treatment of intermediate and high risk prostate c…
Published	02/18/2024	What is the evidence for dose escalation for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer
Published	02/18/2024	What is the evidence for moderate hypofractionation in prostate cancer?
Published	02/18/2024	What is the evidence for focal boost to the DIL in prostate cancer?
Published	02/18/2024	Discuss the factors that you would take into account when considering a patient for  local salvage treatment
Published	02/18/2024	What are the salvage treatment options for isolated local relapse following definitive  external beam radiation therapy for localised prostate ca…
Published	02/18/2024	65-year-old man presents with a PSA of 0.3 mcg/L 12 months after a radical  prostatectomy. His initial pathology showed adenocarcinoma (Gleason 4…
Published	02/18/2024	A 65-year-old man presents with a PSA of 0.3 mcg/L 12 months after a radical  prostatectomy. His initial pathology showed adenocarcinoma (Gleason…
Published	02/18/2024	A 65-year-old man presents with a PSA of 0.3 mcg/L 12 months after a radical  prostatectomy. His initial pathology showed adenocarcinoma (Gleason…
Published	02/18/2024	Describe investigations for bladder cancer
Published	02/18/2024	List key features to be included in a bladder biopsy path report
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Include in your answer: (2)   i Proposed mechanisms for multifocality.&nbs…
Published	02/18/2024	Urothelial carcinoma develops via two pathways: a {{c1::hyperplasia}} (low-grade urothelial neoplasms) and a {{c1::dysplasia}} (high-grade urothelial …
Published	02/18/2024	Risk factors for SCC of the urinary bladder
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the pathogenesis of bladder SCC
Published	02/18/2024	A 72-year-old man presents with haematuria. Investigations reveal a muscle invasive, T2, urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with no evidence of disea…
Published	02/18/2024	Describe a suitable chemo-radiotherapy schedule and technique for radical treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Published	02/18/2024	Patterns of recurrence following trimodality treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer
Published	02/18/2024	Likely outcomes in terms of local control, bladder preservation and cure following CRT for muscle invasive bladder cancer
Published	02/18/2024	Potential significant late coplications and incidence following CRT for muscle invasive bladder cancer
Published	02/18/2024	State (or give) the false negative rate of prostate biopsies and explain why this might occur.
Published	02/18/2024	List the information that should be included in the pathology reporting of prostate biopsies, and describe how these factors impact on prognosis
Published	02/18/2024	Briefly describe three methods used to distinguish benign from malignant prostate tissue. (2)
Published	02/18/2024	Describe how the Gleason Score is derived
Published	02/18/2024	Prostate cancer treatments may be associated with sexual dysfunction. For each of the major treatment modalities discuss the potential sexual dysfunct…
Published	02/18/2024	What are the pharmacological and non-pharmacological management options for erectile dysfunction? Provide two examples of pharmacological treatment, b…
Published	02/18/2024	80-year-old man with a past history of prostatectomy presents with an elevated PSA. Restaging with PSMA PET shows 2 asymptomatic bone metastases with …
Published	02/18/2024	A man with intermediate risk prostate cancer is referred for definitive external beam radiation therapy.   a. Describe a suitable radiation …
Published	02/18/2024	In general, in the treatment of localised prostate cancer, what options are available for increasing the biologically equivalent dose? Discuss the adv…
Published	02/18/2024	A 75-year-old male smoker presents with haematuria. He has a past medical history of rectal cancer and underwent neoadjuvant pelvic radiotherapy 8 yea…
Published	02/18/2024	In multifocal urothelial cancer of the bladder - Describe the concept of field cancerisation, including sites where it is observed.(2.5)
Published	02/18/2024	List the chemical carcinogens implicated in the development of carcinoma of the bladder. (0.5)
Published	02/18/2024	Outline the steps of chemical carcinogenesis. (2) (this was in related to bladder TCC)
Published	02/18/2024	c. Regarding radiation-induced carcinogenesis: i. What is the underlying mechanism of carcinogenesis?
Published	02/18/2024	Describe the clinical features of radiation-induced tumours. (1.5)
Published	02/18/2024	iii. List the patient and treatment factors that may influence risk of radiation induced malignanc. (1.5)
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