Notes in L38 Bone and Joints Path II

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Published	09/11/2023	PTH acts on the kidney to inhibit renal {{c1::phosphate}} reabsorption in the {{c2::proximal convoluted tubule}}, which therefore increases phosphate …
Published	09/11/2023	In {{c2::CKD}}, the combination of elevated PTH and decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 produces {{c1::renal osteodystrophy}}, in which there is increased bone res…
Published	09/11/2023	One external source of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in the body is through {{c1::ingestion/diet}}
Published	09/11/2023	One source of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is through synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the presence of {{c1::UV light}}
Published	09/11/2023	In children, vitamin D deficiency causes {{c1::rickets}}
Published	09/11/2023	In adults, vitamin D deficiency causes {{c1::osteomalacia}}
Published	09/11/2023	Chronic {{c1::renal}} disease can cause a secondary hyperparathyroidism syndrome known as {{c1::Renal Osteodystrophy}}, which is characterized by bone…
Published	09/11/2023	One clinical feature of Cushing syndrome is {{c1::osteoporosis}}, which is a result of decreased {{c2::osteoblast}} activity
Published	09/11/2023	One complication of {{c2::hyperparathyroidism}} is {{c1::osteitis fibrosa cystica}}, which is characterized by bone pain and cystic bone spaces filled…
Published	09/11/2023	The symptoms/complications of menopause may be remembered with the mnemonic "HAVOCS": H: {{c1::Hot flashes}}, {{c1::Hirsutism}}AV: {{c2::Atrophy of th…
Published	09/11/2023	Which collagen synthesis pathologies are associated with problems forming the triple helix?{{c1::Osteogenesis imperfecta and Scurvy}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the mode of inheritance of hypophosphatemic rickets (vitamin D-resistant rickets)? {{c1::X-linked dominant}}
Published	09/11/2023	The consequences of {{c9::renal failure}} may be remembered using the mnemonic "MAD HUNGER": M.A: {{c1::Metabolic Acidosis}}D: {{c2::Dyslipidemia}} (e…
Published	09/11/2023	What bone pathology is associated with chronic renal failure? {{c1::Renal osteodystrophy}}
Published	09/11/2023	Hypocalcemia in chronic renal disease is caused, in part, by decreased {{c1::1-α-hydroxylation}} of vitamin D
Published	09/11/2023	How do levels of parathyroid hormone change in chronic renal disease? {{c1::Increased (secondary hyperparathyroidism)}}
Published	09/11/2023	Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by {{c1::subperiosteal}} thinning of bones
Published	09/11/2023	Which electrolyte disturbance causes bone loss, osteomalacia (adults), and rickets (children)? {{c1::Low PO43-}}
Published	09/11/2023	There is an increased risk for {{c2::hypophosphatemic}} rickets with {{c1::proximal}} renal tubular acidosis due to Fanconi Syndrome
Published	09/11/2023	{{c1::Fanconi}} Syndrome and Multiple {{c2::Myeloma}} can both cause proximal (type 2) renal tubular acidosis
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin {{c2::C}} is necessary for {{c1::hydroxylation}} of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
Published	09/11/2023	What pathology is associated with vitamin C deficiency?{{c1::Scurvy}}
Published	09/11/2023	What vitamin deficiency is commonly characterized by swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, and hemarthrosis? {{c1::Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)}}
Published	09/11/2023	Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) is associated with poor {{c1::wound}} healing
Published	09/11/2023	Scurvy is associated with {{c1::perifollicular}} hemorrhages and {{c2::subperiosteal}} hemorrhages
Published	09/11/2023	Scurvy is associated with "{{c1::corkscrew}}" hair and loosening of the teeth
Published	09/11/2023	What effect does vitamin C deficiency have on the immune system?{{c1::Weakened immune response}}
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by an {{c1::increased}} bleeding time
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by a {{c1::normal}} PT and {{c1::increased}} PTT
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin {{c1::D3}}, known as {{c2::cholecalciferol}}, is the form consumed in milk, fish, plants, and formed in sun-exposed skin
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin D deficiency causes {{c1::rickets}} in children; presents as bone pain and deformity
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin D deficiency causes {{c1::osteomalacia}} in adults; presents as bone pain, muscle weakness
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin {{c2::D}} deficiency is associated with hypocalcemic {{c1::tetany}}
Published	09/11/2023	What vitamin should be orally supplemented in breastfed infants? {{c1::Vitamin D}}
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin D deficiency is exacerbated by {{c1::low}} sun exposure, {{c2::pigmented}} skin, and prematurity
Published	09/11/2023	{{c2::Phenytoin}} is an anti-epileptic associated with {{c1::osteopenia}} (bone complication)
Published	09/11/2023	{{c2::Osteomalacia (Rickets)}} is due to defective mineralization of {{c1::osteoid}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the most common cause of osteomalacia/rickets? {{c1::Vitamin D deficiency}}
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is caused by low vitamin D in children? {{c1::Rickets}}
Published	09/11/2023	Rickets may present pectus {{c1::carinatum.. (craniotabes}} (Pigeon-breast deformity)
Published	09/11/2023	Rickets may present with {{c1::rachitic rosary}} due to osteoid deposition at the costochondral junction
Published	09/11/2023	Rickets may present with frontal bossing and {{c1::craniotabes}} (soft skull)
Published	09/11/2023	Rickets may present with pathologic {{c1::bow}} legs (genu varum)
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is associated with metaphyseal cupping/fraying?{{c1::Rickets}}
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is caused by low vitamin D in adults? {{c1::Osteomalacia}}
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is associated with "Looser zones" (pseudofractures) on X-ray? {{c1::Osteomalacia}}
Published	09/11/2023	Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} serum Ca2+
Published	09/11/2023	Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} serum PO43-
Published	09/11/2023	Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum PTH
Published	09/11/2023	Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by {{c1::increased}} serum alkaline phosphatase
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is characterized by a reduction in trabecular and cortical bone mass and interconnections? {{c1::Osteoporosis}}
Published	09/11/2023	Peak bone mass is achieved by {{c1::30}} years of age
Published	09/11/2023	After age 30, slightly less than {{c1::1}}% of bone mass is lost each year
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis is most commonly due to decreased {{c1::estrogen}} levels or increased {{c2::age}}
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis may be secondary to {{c1::hyper}}-thyroidism
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis may be secondary to {{c1::hyper}}-parathyroidism
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis is diagnosed by DXA scan with a T-score of < {{c1::- 2.5}} or a fragility fracture of the hip or vertebrae
Published	09/11/2023	Prophylaxis for osteoporosis includes regular {{c1::weight-bearing}} exercise and adequate Ca2+ / vitamin D intake throughout adulthood
Published	09/11/2023	What ethnicity is associated with decreased risk for osteoporosis?{{c1::African Americans}}
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis can lead to {{c1::vertebral}} compression fractures, which result in loss of height and kyphosis
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis may present with fracture of the femoral neck or distal {{c1::radius}} (Colles fracture)
Published	09/11/2023	What is test used to measure bone density? {{c1::DEXA scan}}
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum Ca2+
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum PO43-
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum PTH
Published	09/11/2023	Osteoporosis is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum alkaline phosphatase
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is characterized by thick, heavy bone that fractures easily due to imbalance of osteoblast and osteoclast function? {{c1::Paget dis…
Published	09/11/2023	Is Paget disease of bone a localized or diffuse process? {{c1::Localized}}
Published	09/11/2023	What demographic is associated with Paget disease of bone? {{c1::Late adulthood (age > 60)::age group}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the first stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? {{c1::Osteoclastic (lytic)}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the second stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? {{c1::Mixed osteoblastic-osteoclastic}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the third stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? {{c1::Osteoblastic (sclerotic)}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the fourth stage of Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? {{c1::Quiescent (minimal osteoclast/osteoblast activity)}}
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is characterized histologically by a mosaic pattern of woven and lamellar bone? {{c1::Paget disease of bone}}
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone may present with bone {{c1::pain}} due to microfractures or long bone "chalk stick" fractures
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is associated with an increasing hat size due to skull thickening? {{c1::Paget disease of bone}}
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone often presents with {{c1::hearing}} loss due to CN impingement from foramen narrowing
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone may present with "{{c1::lion-like}} facies" due to involvement of craniofacial bones
Published	09/11/2023	{{c2::Paget disease of bone}} is the most common cause of isolated elevated {{c1::alkaline phosphatase}} in patients > 40 years old
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum Ca2+
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum PO43-
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone is characterized by {{c1::normal}} serum PTH
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of bone is characterized by {{c1::elevated}} serum alkaline phosphatase
Published	09/11/2023	Treatment for Paget disease of bone includes {{c1::calcitonin}} and {{c2::bisphosphonates}}
Published	09/11/2023	One complication of {{c3::Paget disease of bone}} is {{c1::high-output heart failure}} due to formation of {{c2::AV shunts}} in bone
Published	09/11/2023	What malignancy is associated with Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)? {{c1::Osteosarcoma}}
Published	09/11/2023	The peak incidence for secondary osteosarcoma is in {{c1::the elderly (>65 years old)}}
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology predisposes to osteosarcoma? {{c1::Paget disease of bone}}
Published	09/11/2023	What inherited cancers are associated with osteosarcoma? {{c1::Li-Fraumeni syndrome and familial retinoblastoma::2}}
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology is associated with heparin use? {{c1::Osteoporosis}}
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin D deficiency can cause {{c1::rickets}} in kids and {{c2::osteomalacia}} in adults.
Published	09/11/2023	Patients who have undergone {{c1::Thyroid}} surgery can sometimes manifest with symptoms of hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia.
Published	09/11/2023	Hypocalcemia can lead to {{c1::tetany}} and in severe cases lead to {{c2::seizures}}
Published	09/11/2023	What musculoskeletal pathologies are associated with primary biliary cholangitis? (2){{c1::OsteoporosisOsteomalacia}}
Published	09/11/2023	In adults, woven bone is seen {{c1::after fractures}} and in {{c2::Paget disease}}.
Published	09/11/2023	Osteo-{{c1::blasts}} build bone by secreting {{c2::collagen}}, and catalyze {{c3::mineralization}} via secretion of {{c4::ALP}}.
Published	09/11/2023	When chronically {{c1::elevated}}, {{c2::PTH}} has {{c3::catabolic}} effects on bone, known as {{c4::osteitis fibrosa cystica}}.
Published	09/11/2023	Estrogen deficiency leads to increased cycling of {{c2::bone remodeling and resorption}}, increasing risk of {{c1::osteoporosis}}.
Published	09/11/2023	What musculoskeletal pathology is caused by impaired osteoid matrix mineralization?{{c1::Osteomalacia}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with celiac sprue that develops diffuse bone pain, muscle weakness, and the laboratory results below? Ca2+:l…
Published	09/11/2023	What musculoskeletal pathology is associated with pseudofractures (Looser zones)?{{c1::Osteomalacia}}
Published	09/11/2023	How do the following laboratory values typically change in patients with osteoporosis? Calcium: {{c1::normal}}Phosphate: {{c1::normal}}Alkaline phosph…
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a construction worker that complains of his "hard hat being tighter"? CT head reveals thickened skull cortices with mi…
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in an asymptomatic elderly male with isolated elevated alkaline phosphatase? Physical exam, including rectal exam, is ins…
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in an older patient with headache, bone pain, and hearing loss? {{c1::Paget disease of bone (osteitis deformans)}}
Published	09/11/2023	What symptom classically arises in patients with Paget disease that affects the temporal bone?{{c1::Hearing loss}}
Published	09/11/2023	How do the following laboratory values change in patients with Paget disease of bone?Serum calcium: {{c1::No change}}Serum phosphorus: {{c1::No change…
Published	09/11/2023	How do the following laboratory values change in patients with osteoporosis?Serum calcium: {{c1::No change}}Serum phosphorus: {{c1::No change}}Alkalin…
Published	09/11/2023	{{c1::Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica}} occurs due to untreated severe high {{c2::PTH}}, causing bone cysts and brown tumors.
Published	09/11/2023	In Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica, there are {{c1::brown}} tumors.
Published	09/11/2023	Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica is the classic bone disease of {{c1::primary and secondary}} hyperparathyroidism
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in an exclusively breastfed infant that presents with craniotabes, widened wrists, Harrison's subcostal groove, rachitic …
Published	09/11/2023	Most notably, the serum tumor marker {{c1::Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)}} is elevated in patients with metastases to bone or liver, Paget Disease of Bon…
Published	09/11/2023	What do the brown tumors of Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica contain (2)? {{c1::Osteoclasts & Hemosiderin (from macrophages)}}
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin {{c1::D}} deficiency is seen in patients with malabsorption, decreased sun exposure, poor diet, and chronic kidney disease
Published	09/11/2023	Patients with renal osteodystrophy present with calciphylaxis, due to high serum {{c1::phosphate}} binding with Ca2+ leading to metastatic deposits an…
Published	09/11/2023	{{c2::Secondary hyperparathyroidism}} over time often results in parathyroid {{c1::hyperplasia}} which turns into {{c3::tertiary Hyperparathyroid…
Published	09/11/2023	What is the location of bone thinning in renal osteodystrophy?{{c1::Subperiosteal region}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the effect of estrogen on bone mineral density?{{c1::↑ bone mineral density}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely etiology of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in a patient that develops symptoms 4 weeks after a severe motor vehicle accident l…
Published	09/11/2023	In {{c2::chronic renal failure}}, the combination of elevated PTH and decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 produces {{c1::renal osteodystrophy}}, in which there is …
Published	09/11/2023	Poor mineralization of bones leads to {{c1::osteomalacia/rickets::condition}}
Published	09/11/2023	In secondary hyperparathyroidism, PTH levels are elevated secondary to {{c1::hypocalcemia (or hyperphosphatemia)::electrolyte imbalances}} in chronic …
Published	09/11/2023	{{c1::Tertiary}} hyperparathyroidism is due to {{c2::chronic}} renal failure where the parathyroid becomes autonomous and secretes PTH all day, causin…
Published	09/11/2023	Hyperparathyroidism with high phosphate levels = {{c1::renal failure::cause}}
Published	09/11/2023	Disorder of bone remodeling caused by ↑ osteoclast bone resorption is suggestive of {{c1::paget disease::diagnosis}}
Published	09/11/2023	> 60 y.o. and isolated elevation in ALP is suggestive of {{c1::Paget disease of bone::bone condition}}
Published	09/11/2023	Renal osteodystrophy is often seen in {{c1::renal failure::population}} patients with secondary {{c2::hyperparathyroidism.}}
Published	09/11/2023	Bone pain, bone scan shows ↑ uptake and ↑ alkaline phosphatase is suggestive of {{c1::Paget::diagnosis}}
Published	09/11/2023	X-ray of the spine shows focal, sclerotic, hyperdense lesions is suggestive of {{c1::prostate cancer::diagnosis}}X-ray shows widespread osteopenia and…
Published	09/11/2023	Craniotabes (soft skull), widened wrists, rachitic rosary and genu varum is suggestive of {{c1::Rickets::diagnosis}}
Published	09/11/2023	Osteosarcoma in the elderly is generally associated with:{{c1::Paget disease::MSK risk factor}}{{c2::radiation::risk factor}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with chronic kidney disease that develops bone pain?{{c1::Renal osteodystrophy (due to secondary hyperparath…
Published	09/11/2023	How do the following laboratory values typically change in patients with osteomalacia? Calcium: {{c1::decreased or normal}}Phosphate: {{c1::decreased}…
Published	09/11/2023	Vitamin D deficiency in adults leads to {{c1::osteomalacia::condition}}
Published	09/11/2023	{{c1::Type 2 ('senile')}} osteoporosis is characterized by normal osteoclast activity with decreased osteoblast activity
Published	09/11/2023	{{c1::Type 1 'postmenopausal'}} osteoporosis is due to lack of estrogen and release of inflammatory cytokines {{c2::(IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1)}}
Published	09/11/2023	The T score in DEXA scanning is a comparison of a patient's bone density to {{c1::a young adult}}
Published	09/11/2023	What is more commonly seen in renal osteodystrophy due to CKD?{{c1::Osteomalacia::Osteomalacia or Osteitis fibrosa cystic?}}
Published	09/11/2023	Chronic kidney disease results in a {{c1::1-alpha hydroxylase::enzyme}} deficiency
Published	09/11/2023	Which is a more common complication of Paget disease of the bone (PDB)?{{c1::Impaired hearing::Impaired hearing/High-output cardiac failure}}
Published	09/11/2023	Does renal osteodystrophy present with osteopenia and subperiosteal bone reabsorption?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	09/11/2023	The surgical neck of the femur is the most commonly factured bone following mild trauma (fall from standing) in {{c1::severe osteoporosis::MSK di…
Published	09/11/2023	The skull, femur, and pelvic bones are most commonly affected in {{c1::Paget's disease::MSK disorder}}
Published	09/11/2023	In Osteoporosis, inflammatory cytokines {{c1::decrease}} production of {{c2::osteoprotegerin}} by osteoblasts & {{c1::increase}} expression of {{c…
Published	09/11/2023	What MSK pathology presents as dark areas of radiolucency (early disease) and abnormally thick bone (late disease) on x-ray?{{c1::Paget's disease}}
Published	09/11/2023	Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis and osteopenia include corticosteroids, {{c1::smoking}} and heavy {{c1::alcohol}} use
Published	09/11/2023	What effect do steroids have on estrogen production?{{c1::Decreased (leading to increased bone resorption)}}
Published	09/11/2023	Rickets is due to decreased mineralization of {{c1::hyaline cartilage (type II)}} of epiphyseal growth plates
Published	09/11/2023	Infants with rickets often have {{c1::delayed closure}} of fontanelles
Published	09/11/2023	Decreased cartilage mineralization of open epiphyseal growth plates may cause {{c1::short stature::physical appearance}} in children with&nb…
Published	09/11/2023	Paget disease of the bone involves the skull in 40% of cases, which frequently leads to {{c1::impaired hearing}}
Published	09/11/2023	Steroids cause {{c1::↑::↑↓}} production of RANK-L and {{c1::↓::↑↓}} production of osteoprotegerin
Published	09/11/2023	What affect does tertiary hyperparathyroidism have on the size of the parathyroid glands?{{c1::Marked nodular hyperplasi…
Published	09/11/2023	Tertiary hyperparathyroidism presents with what levels of serum vitamin D (calcitriol)?{{c1::Decreased (low Vitamin D)}}
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