Notes in Testing Arthur

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MGY377 Required Reading Unit 4

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/22/2023	cb0b33422181481bab73e36648c891c4-ao-1
Published	09/22/2023	hello
Published	09/22/2023	additional card
Published	09/22/2023	testingg
Published	09/22/2023	59b43e027df54125871c679ce4a8584a-ao-1
Published	09/23/2023	Turbidity can be measured using a {{c1::spectrophotometer}}
Published	09/23/2023	The proper term for a turbidity measurement is {{c1::'optical density' or 'OD' }}
Published	09/23/2023	4 benefits of measuring turbidity
Published	09/23/2023	4 issues with counting cells by turbidity
Published	09/23/2023	How to find out how many living bacteria are in culture flask?
Published	09/23/2023	How to do serial dilutions/plating
Published	09/23/2023	What are some potential issues w counting cells by dilution plating?
Published	09/23/2023	how would you solve the issue of having a 'lawn' of bacteria in serial dilution plating?
Published	09/23/2023	When is a good time (before/at the end/during) your experiment to do serial dilution plating?
Published	09/23/2023	Who is Rebecca Lancefield?
Published	09/23/2023	What is the order of taxonomic ranks?
Published	09/23/2023	Visual features used in classification/identification of bacterial species?
Published	09/23/2023	19041fd2641d4a188c98b3b5a3919026-ao-1
Published	09/23/2023	19041fd2641d4a188c98b3b5a3919026-ao-2
Published	09/23/2023	19041fd2641d4a188c98b3b5a3919026-ao-3
Published	09/23/2023	19041fd2641d4a188c98b3b5a3919026-ao-5
Published	09/23/2023	19041fd2641d4a188c98b3b5a3919026-ao-6
Published	09/23/2023	19041fd2641d4a188c98b3b5a3919026-ao-7
Published	09/23/2023	How are bacterial rod cell arrangements different from coccus?
Published	09/23/2023	dc6d6bbac8ca4800901e85d6c87f1373-ao-1
Published	09/23/2023	dc6d6bbac8ca4800901e85d6c87f1373-ao-2
Published	09/23/2023	dc6d6bbac8ca4800901e85d6c87f1373-ao-3
Published	09/23/2023	dc6d6bbac8ca4800901e85d6c87f1373-ao-4
Published	09/23/2023	dc6d6bbac8ca4800901e85d6c87f1373-ao-5
Published	09/23/2023	dc6d6bbac8ca4800901e85d6c87f1373-ao-6
Published	09/23/2023	Gram-negative bacteria are {{c1::pink (resist staining)::what colour}}.
Published	09/23/2023	Gram-positive bacteria are {{c1::dark blue/purple::what colour}}.
Published	09/23/2023	How to do a microscopy stain
Published	09/23/2023	Gram stain procedure
Published	09/23/2023	What would happen if you forgot to decolorize with alcohol in gram stain procedure?
Published	09/23/2023	What would happen if you forgot to add iodine?
Published	09/23/2023	Differences in structure between gram + and - bacteria
Published	09/23/2023	Why do gram (+) and (-) stain differently?
Published	09/23/2023	How do gram - and + bacteria respond differently to antibiotics?
Published	09/23/2023	Gram + or gram -?: staphylococcus aureus
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: streptococcus
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: neisseria (gonorrhea)
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: haemophillus (pneumoniae)
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: listeria
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: clostridia (c.diff)
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: mycobacterium tuberculosis
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: e.coli
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: salmonella
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: yersinia (bubonic plague)
Published	09/23/2023	Gram (+) or (-)?: vibrio cholerae
Published	09/23/2023	Gene criteria for a good 'evolutionary clock'
Published	09/23/2023	Why is the ribosomal RNA sequence used for evolutionary comparisons?
Published	09/23/2023	The {{c1::16}}S rRNA of bacteria and {{c1::18}}S rRNA of eukaryotes are most widely used for evolutionary comparisons. They make up the majority of th…
Published	09/23/2023	The old kingdom system of classification was based on {{c1::morphology}}
Published	09/23/2023	Phylogenics assumes that all living organisms are developed from {{c1::the same ancestor and share some degree of evolutionary relatedness}}
Published	09/23/2023	Bacillus is used to describe both a cell morphology and a {{c1::genus}}
Published	09/23/2023	Carl Woese was the first person to {{c1::use SSU rRNA phylogeny to reveal the existence of a third kind of life (the Archaea), thus was first to sugge…
Published	09/23/2023	Archaea are more similar to {{c1::eukarya::eukarya/bacteria}}
Published	09/24/2023	The more negative the reduction potential the better the
Published	09/24/2023	chemoorganotrophs generate ATP from {organic/inorganic} compounds
Published	09/24/2023	Phototrophs generate ATP from {Light/ organic compounds / CO2}
Published	09/24/2023	What do most chemolithotrophs use for biosynthesis?
Published	09/24/2023	What do photoheterotrophs use for biosynthesis?
Published	09/24/2023	What do photoautotrophs use for biosynthesis?
Published	09/24/2023	Where does the reducing power for biosynthesis come from in Chemolithotrophs? (two answers)
Published	09/24/2023	Who discovered sulfur oxidzing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	What are the final products of Sulfur oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	The oxidization of hydrogen sulfide involves {1 step / multiple steps}
Published	09/24/2023	Through what two main pathways is sulfite oxidized?
Published	09/24/2023	How do sulfur oxidizing bacteria produce NADH for biosynthesis?
Published	09/24/2023	What determines the component of the ETC at which a compound is oxidized (i.e. where electrons are lost) ?
Published	09/24/2023	Tubeworms are chemolithotrophs {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	Fe2+ is also known as {ferric/ferrous} iron
Published	09/24/2023	Fe3+ is also known as {ferrous/ferric} iron
Published	09/24/2023	Why are iron oxidizing bacteria found mainly in acidic environments?
Published	09/24/2023	Ferrous iron is insoluble at {neutral/ acidic} environments
Published	09/24/2023	Do iron oxidizing bacteria produce a lot of ATP per molecule of ferrous iron oxidized?
Published	09/24/2023	How do iron oxidizing bacteria generate NADH?
Published	09/24/2023	Which enzyme oxidizes ferrous iron into ferric iron in iron oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	Rysticyanin passes electron gained from oxidation of Fe2+ to {cytochrome A / cytochrome C} which passes the electron to {cytochrome A / cytochrom…
Published	09/24/2023	What does cytochrome A do in iron oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	Which enzyme converts hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur in sulfur oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	Rusticyanin contains {copper/magnesium/iron}
Published	09/24/2023	Rusticyanin is found in the {extracellular/periplasmic/cytoplasmic} space
Published	09/24/2023	Where is nitrifying bacteria mainly found?
Published	09/24/2023	The oxidation of ammonia is {1 step/ multistep}
Published	09/26/2023	NH3 is first oxidized into NO3- {true/ false} by nitrifying bacteria
Published	09/26/2023	NH3 oxidizers first oxidize ammonia into {nitrite/hydroxylamine}
Published	09/24/2023	Ammonia monooxygenase converts ammonia into hydroxylamine {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	Hydroxylamine is converted into {}
Published	09/24/2023	What converts hydroxylamine into nitrite?
Published	09/24/2023	What happens after hydroxylamine is oxidised?
Published	09/24/2023	Nitrite is converted into nitrate by {}
Published	09/24/2023	Anaerobic respiration is rare in prokaryotes {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	What is a major similarity between anaerobic respiration  and aerobic respiration?
Published	09/24/2023	What defines anaerobic respiration?
Published	09/24/2023	What is dissimilative reduction?
Published	09/24/2023	What is assimilative reduction?
Published	09/24/2023	Many sulfate-reducing bacteria use {} as a source of electrons
Published	09/24/2023	What compound is the terminal electron acceptor in the case of sulfate-reducing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	How are organic compounds made from CO2?
Published	09/24/2023	What pathways are involved in autotrophic CO2 fixation? (3 pathways)
Published	09/24/2023	The calvin cycle is involved in {}
Published	09/24/2023	In contrast to the citric acid cycle, the reverse citric acid cycle uses {} and incorporates {}
Published	09/24/2023	The calvin cycle generates energy {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	Which two enzymes are needed for the calvin cycle?
Published	09/24/2023	What step of the calvin cycle does RubisCO catalyze?
Published	09/24/2023	RuBisCO is the least abundant protein on earth {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	Where is RubisCO concentrated?
Published	09/24/2023	The purpose of carboxysomes is to:
Published	09/24/2023	The calvin cycle enables the biosynthesis of:
Published	09/24/2023	What type of bacteria use the reverse citric acid cycle?
Published	09/24/2023	ALL enzymes involved in the reverse citric acid cycle are found in the citric acid cycle {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	At what steps is carbon incorporated during the reverse citric acid cycle?
Published	09/24/2023	Reverse citric acid cycle generates triose-P which forms hexose-P which forms  cell material {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	How many ferrodoxin linked reactions are there in the citric acid cycle?
Published	09/24/2023	Hydroxypropionate cycle is a common method of carbon fixation {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	What is similar between the hydroxypropionate cycle and the reverse citric acid cycle?
Published	09/24/2023	In the hydroxypropionate cycle, acetyl-CoA is carboxylated twice to yield {}, which is rearranged to {} and {}. {} is converted into ot…
Published	09/24/2023	How do you know when reverse electron flow is needed?
Published	09/24/2023	ATPase can reverse its activity and pump protons out of the cell {true/false}
Published	09/24/2023	H2 oxidizing bacteria uses reverse electron flow to generate NADH {true/false}. Why?
Published	09/24/2023	What is an example of an hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	Photosynthesis describes the process in which {} energy is converted into {} energy
Published	09/24/2023	What functions similarly to the ETC in phototrophs?
Published	09/24/2023	Where are photosystems located in plants?
Published	09/24/2023	Where are photosystems found in bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	What photosynthetic structures are found in purple bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	What is the purposes of having a highly invaginated photosynthetic membrane in purple bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	What is the reaction center in photosystems?
Published	09/24/2023	What is the general composition of the reaction center in purple bacteria? Name 4 components
Published	09/24/2023	What molecules are converted during the production of energy via photosystems in purple bacteria?
Published	09/24/2023	How do purple bacteria generate reducing power?
Published	09/24/2023	Why don't green sulfur bacteria and heliobacterium need reverse electron flow?
Published	09/24/2023	What are defining characteristics of anoxygenic photosynthesis
Published	09/24/2023	Cyanobacteria use {anoxygenic/oxygenic} photosynthesis
Published	09/24/2023	Photosystem II (P680) is connected to photosystem I (P800) with an {}
Published	09/24/2023	Is reverse electron flow needed to generate reducing power in bacteria that use oxygenic photosynthesis?
Published	09/24/2023	what was a consequence of the emergence of oxygenic phototrophic bacteria?
Published	09/26/2023	Most purple bacteria, cyanobacteria, chemolithotrophic bacteria, and plants use {} to incorporate Co2, while most green bacteria use {}.
Published	09/26/2023	How does hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria produce NADH?
Status	Last Update	Fields