Notes in GIM1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Ustekinumab}} is a monoclonal Ab that acts as a {{c3::biologic immune modifier::General class of action}} by {{c4::antagonizing IL-12::mechanism…
Published	04/17/2023	In Pts w/ chronic pain, the incidence of {{c1::depression}} increases as pain symptoms magnify, and {{c1::depression}} may manifest as pain. Aggressiv…
Published	04/17/2023	Statin therapy should be initiated in Pts {{c2::40-75 yo::age}} w/ {{c2::diabetes mellitus::comorbidity}}Moderate statin therapy should be started if …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::High-intensity statin}} therapy should be considered in diabetic Pts w/ LDL of 70-189 mg/dL, age 40-75, and ASCVD <7.5% if they have:{{c2::T2…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Icosapent ethyl}} is a {{c2::highly purified fish oil}} that {{c2::decreases triglyceride}} levels, and {{c2::can decrease CV death}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Omega-3 fatty acids}} {{c2::decrease triglyceride levels::primary effect/indication}} but, {{c2::have not been shown to decrease CV death}}
Published	04/17/2023	The USPSTF recommends {{c2::(at least) moderate-dose statin}} for primary prevention of ASCVD in Pts that meet all of the following: (1) {{c1::40-75 y…
Published	04/17/2023	The drugs most commonly implicated for causing edema are {{c1::CCB}}, {{c1::gabapentin}}, {{c1::NSAIDs}}, {{c1::OCPs}}, {{c1::glucocorticoids}}, and {…
Published	04/17/2023	Empagliflozin is a {{c1::sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)}}, and functions by {{c1::decreasing renal Glu re-absorption}}, and {{c1::i…
Published	04/17/2023	In addition to decreasing Glu levels, {{c1::SGLT2i::Class}} also causes {{c2::increased urinary excretion}} → {{c2::wt loss}}, and {{c2::↓BP}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c3::Metformin}} decreases {{c1::hepatic Glu production}} and {{c1::intestinal Glu absorption}}, and increases {{c1::secretion of Gluc…
Published	04/17/2023	Commonly reported AE to metformin include {{c1::metallic taste in mouth::minor}}, nausea, diarrhea, {{c1::B12 deficiency::deficiency}}, and rarel…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Nonpharmacologic therapy}} is recommended for first-line Tx of {{c2::acute, subacute, or chronic::acute, subacute, or chronic}} lower back pain.
Published	04/17/2023	For chronic lower back pain unresponsive to non-pharmacologic Tx, {{c1::NSAIDs::first-line pharmacologic}} and {{c1::duloxetine::second-line}} OR {{c1…
Published	04/17/2023	Lower back pain is categorized as acute {{c1::< 4 wks::time frame}}, subacute {{c1::4-12 wks::time frame}}, and chronic {{c1::>12 wks::time fram…
Published	04/17/2023	For Pts w/ chronic, non-cancer pain, {{c1::short-acting}} opioids are preferred compared to {{c1::extended/long-acting}} opioids.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Naloxone}} is an {{c2::opioid blocker}}, used to treat {{c2::opioid overdose}} and {{c2::respiratory compromise}} and should be prescribed to Pt…
Published	04/17/2023	Opiate doses {{c4::< 50 morphine mg equivalents (MME) per day}} is a low dose, and places Pts at relatively low risk for OD.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::The state prescription monitoring database}} should be reviewed before prescribing opioids to monitor patient use patterns, identify requests fo…
Published	04/17/2023	All {{c1::observational studies::type of study}} are are at risk for {{c2::confounding::this complication/bias}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Confounders}} are {{c2::factors other than the treatments being studied that are independently associated w/ the end point being assessed}}.
Published	04/17/2023	A retrospective cohort study at a single center analyzed a new Tx. The study included 50 females who received the new Tx and were matched against 50 f…
Published	04/17/2023	Only {{c1::RCT::this study design}} can protect against both known and unknown confounders.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Statistical power}} refers to the ability of a particular study to detect a difference if one exists. It depends on the size of the difference t…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Loss to follow-up}} is a threat to the validity of {{c2::prospective study designs}}
Published	04/17/2023	A {{c1::cohort study}} is an {{c2::observational}} study in which participants are initially classified or enrolled according to the presence of an ex…
Published	04/17/2023	The diagnosis of {{c1::sacroiliac joint dysfunction e.g. sacroiliitis}} is supported by {{c2::posterior hip}} pain and a {{c2::positive result on FABE…
Published	04/17/2023	Sacroiliitis may be part of inflammatory syndromes e.g. {{c1::spondyloarthritis}} (especially {{c1::ankylosing spondylitis}})
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c3::FABER}} test has a high {{c1::specificity}} but low {{c1::sensitivity}} for {{c2::sacroiliitis}}. Therapy for {{c2::sacroiliitis}}…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Acetabular labrum tear}} is found most commonly in {{c2::young competitive athletes::these Pts}} and presents w/ {{c2::anterior::anterior o…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS)}} typ presents w/ {{c2::localized lateral pain that radiates down the leg to the knee}}. Often exacerb…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Hip OA}} has insidious pain onset and exam shows {{c2::anterior or posterior::anterior or posterior}} hip/groin pain as well as, restricted ROM …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary rehabilitation}} is one of the most effective interventions to improve dyspnea, exercise capacity, and quality of life in Pts w/ {{c2:…
Published	04/17/2023	In {{c2::moderate/severe COPD}} w/ {{c2::frequent exacerbations (>2/yr)}}, {{c1::azithromycin given daily OR three times weekly::medication and dos…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Psychostimulants}} (e.g. {{c2::dextroamphetamine}} and {{c2::methylphenidate}}) should be considered in the treatment of depression at the end o…
Published	04/17/2023	Olanzapine is a {{c1::second-generation antipsychotic (SGA)::class}}, w/ a diverse neurotransmitter profile, targeting: {{c3::dopamine}}, {{c3::5-hydr…
Published	04/17/2023	The most appropriate management for Pts w/ medically unexplained sx (MUS) is {{c2::nonpharmacological}} (e.g. {{c2::CBT}}, {{c2::PT}}, {{c2::OT}}, {{c…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Varenicline}} or {{c1::combination nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)}} are the most appropriate treatment for nicotine dependence.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Varenicline}} is a {{c2::partial nicotinic receptor agonist}} & is more effective than buproprion or monotherapy NRT
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Bupropion}} is a {{c2::norepinephrine}} and {{c2::dopamine}} reuptake inhibitor w/ {{c2::nicotinic receptor}} activity. Buproprion is often used…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::CBT for insomnia (CBT-I)}} OR {{c1::Brief Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (BBT-I)}} are 1st-line Tx in all adults w/ chronic insomnia, including…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Diphenhydramine}} is a frequently used OTC {{c2::first-generation antihistamine}} that is highly {{c2::anticholinergic}}, and can cause {{c3::se…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Pramipexole}} can be used for {{c2::RLS}} after failing {{c3::nonpharmacologic}} and {{c3::iron deficiency correction}}.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)}} is a movement disorder characterized by an uncomfortable urge to move the legs (esp at rest and at night) and is t…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Intranasal esketamine}} is a {{c3::glutamate receptor modulator}} that can be added to PO antidepressants for treatment-resistant MDD. Unlike mo…
Published	04/17/2023	Lithium can be used to Tx {{c1::BP1D}}, and {{c1::Schizoaffective d/o}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Approved second-generation antidepressant (SGA) + antipsychotic regimens for resistant MDD include:- {{c1::Olanzapine::2nd gen antipsychotic}}+{{c1::f…
Published	04/17/2023	Pts w/ syncope and high-risk clinical characteristics should {{c1::be hospitalized for inpatient monitoring::undergo this next best step in workup}}.R…
Published	04/17/2023	Tilt-table testing is primarily used w/ suspected {{c1::vasovagal syndrome}}, and can also be helpful when {{c1::(delayed) orthostatic hypotension}} i…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Neurally mediated}} syncope occurs most commonly in younger Pts and is assoc w/ a prodrome of Sx (nausea, diaphoresis).
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::The Mini-Cog}}, which consists of a {{c2::three-item recall test}} followed by a {{c2::clock-drawing test (if three-item recall is abnormal)}}, …
Published	04/17/2023	Presence of the {{c1::Apolipoprotein-E ε4 (ApoE-ε4) allele}} is a major risk factor for {{c2::Alzheimers disease}}
Published	04/17/2023	The preferred initial imaging after establishing cognitive impairment/dementia is {{c1::a noncontrast Brain MRI}}.If it is normal, and the Dx is in qu…
Published	04/17/2023	A {{c1::bunion}} is a {{c2::lateral deviation/valgus malformation of the great toe at the metatarsal phalangeal joint}}. Dx {{c3::clinically}}.Tx is c…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Freiberg Infarction/Dz}} is osteochondritis of the metatarsal head of the {{c2::2nd, 3rd, or 4th MTP joints}} → {{c2::AVN}}Plantar pain occ…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Morton neuroma}} most commonly affects the {{c2::2nd or 3rd interdigital web spaces::anatomic site}}. Assoc w/ localized pain and feels like {{c…
Published	04/17/2023	On {{c1::HINTS assessment}}, the presence of {{c2::a normal head impulse test, direction-changing nystagmus, or skew deviation::3 findings}} sugg…
Published	04/17/2023	5086e3e6224c47d48bb725e0c973d484-ao-1
Published	04/17/2023	5086e3e6224c47d48bb725e0c973d484-ao-2
Published	04/17/2023	Pts w/ {{c2::central vertigo}} secondary to {{c3::vertebrobasilar stroke}} frequently display acute-onset, but persistent {{c1::nystagmus}}, {{c1::dys…
Published	04/17/2023	Central vertigo can be caused by:{{c1::D - Demyelinating disease (e.g. MS)}}{{c1::I - CNS Infection}}{{c1::M - Migraine}}{{c1::S - vertebrobasilar Str…
Published	04/17/2023	Pts w/ central vertigo should undergo {{c1::non-con CT or MRI brain}} to evaluate for {{c1::vertebrobasilar stroke}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c2::Meniere disease}} is a type of {{c1::peripheral}} vertigo. Dx criteria requires {{c1::≥2}} episodes lasting {{c1::20 min - 12 h::time frame…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)}} is characterized by {{c2::sudden}}-onset, {{c2::short}}-lasting, peripheral vertigo occurring…
Published	04/17/2023	In a patient taking an immediate-release opioid for severe cancer pain, worsening pain should prompt {{c1::the addition of a sustained-release formula…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Scaphoid Fx}} should be suspected after {{c2::falls onto outstretched hands::this injury}} that causes {{c2::pain in the anatomic snuffbox::symp…
Published	04/17/2023	If a scaphoid fracture is diagnosed immediately, and found to be nondisplaced, or minimally displaced, it may be managed by {{c1::wrist immobilization…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Meta-analysis}} is a statistical method that combines the results from different studies included in systematic reviews to increase {{c2::sample…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Heterogeneity}} refers to factors that limit the ability to {{c2::meaningfully combine study results in a meta-analysis}} because of differences…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Random error}} is introduced by random variability or chance and is expressed by {{c2::the P value}} or {{c2::confidence interval}}. I…
Published	04/17/2023	Sciatic nerve irritation from {{c2::lumbar radiculopathy}} typically causes {{c3::posterior::anterior or posterior}} hip pain that {{c3::radiates…
Published	04/17/2023	For initial syncopal w/u, focus on PMH (esp {{c1::cardiac Dz}}), meds, and FHX (focused on {{c1::sudden unexplained death/drowning}})Exam should inclu…
Published	04/17/2023	The most common AE of second-generation antipsychotic agents are {{c1::Wt gain}}, {{c1::wt gain sequelae (e.g. hyperglycemia)}} and {{c1::HLD}}. There…
Published	04/17/2023	Fluphenazine is a {{c1::first generation (typical) antipsychotic}}, that requires periodic {{c1::LFT}} monitoring.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Clozapine}} and {{c1::olanzapine}} are second-generation antipsychotics w/ {{c3::higher::higher or lower}} risks for {{c3::metabolic syndro…
Published	04/17/2023	Pts {{c1::≤ 75 yrs::age range}} w/ clinical ASCVD should get {{c2::high-intensity statin}} as secondary prevention. LDL should be measured again in ap…
Published	04/17/2023	Pts on {{c1::moderate-intensity statin}} for hyperlipidemia should see an LDL reduction of {{c2::30-49%}} w/n {{c2::6-8 wks::time frame}}.
Published	04/17/2023	A decrease in the PHQ-9 score by {{c2::50}}% indicates a response to antidepressant therapy, and a score {{c2::< 5}} indicates remission of de…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Discontinuation syndrome}} most frequently occurs in Pts who abruptly stop {{c2::SSRI}}, w/ onset of Sx {{c3::1-4 d::time frame}} after stopping…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::CBT::This}} is the cornerstone of treatment for binge eating disorder.{{c2::Lisdexamfetamine::This drug}} reduces the frequency of binge eating …
Published	04/17/2023	Local wound care and {{c1::compression therapy}} are essential components in the treatment of venous stasis ulcers/Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI).…
Published	04/17/2023	Preferred options for compression therapy for chronic venous stasis ulcers include {{c1::multilayered elastic bandages}}, {{c1::elastic compression st…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)}} is an overuse injury seen classically in {{c2::runners}} that can cause localized pain {{c3::over the lateral …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c3::Lateral meniscal::Specific}} injury is usually seen after {{c1::trauma}}. Dx by positive {{c2::McMurray}} or {{c2::Thessaly}} test, and neg…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Patellofemoral pain syndrome}} is common in {{c3::female::male or female}} {{c2::runners}}, and presents pain localized to the {{c3::patella, or…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Popliteal tendinopathy}} causes {{c2::posterolateral knee pain}} associated w/ {{c2::running}}, and is made especially worse w/ {{c2::downhill r…
Published	04/17/2023	For Pts to qualify for acute rehab after hospitalization, they need to be able to tolerate {{c2::≥ 3 hrs/d}} of PT or OT for {{c2::5}} d/wk. If they c…
Published	04/17/2023	Olecranon bursitis can be differentiated from septic/infected jiont by {{c1::ability to extend the elbow w/o pain}}.Tx is rest, ice, elbow protection …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::CBT::This}} is the cornerstone of therapy for Pts w/ PTSD. {{c1::Sertraline}}, {{c1::paroxetine}}, OR {{c1::venlafaxine}}, in conjunction w/ tha…
Published	04/17/2023	First-line therapy for stress urinary incontinence (UI) is {{c1::pelvic floor muscle training}}. Additional treatment options for post-menop…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Systemic estrogen replacement}} therapy should be reserved for Pts w/ {{c3::vasomotor Sx of menopause (e.g. hot flashes)}}, and only given at th…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Urge Urinary Incontinence (UI)}} can be treated by {{c2::bladder training}}. If it fails, or is only partially successful, {{c2::oxybutynin (or …
Published	04/17/2023	Bladder training/Timed Voiding is comprised of scheduled voiding before {{c1::urge incontinence episodes}}, w/ gradual increase inb/n scheduled voids.…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Decision-making capacity}} includes a Pt's ability to understand information, consider options/consequences, and communicate their choices.
Published	04/17/2023	A 54 yo F w/ PMH of schizoaffective d/o has hematemesis. She's hypotensive and tachycardic, and has a Hgb of 6.0. She's Jehovah's Witness and ref…
Published	04/17/2023	The most common causes of orthostatic hypotension are {{c1::medications}}, {{c1::autonomic failure}}, {{c1::hypovolemia}}, and {{c1::aging}}.
Published	04/17/2023	The most common drug classes implicated in orthostatic hypotension include:-{{c1::Diuretics}}-{{c1::Vasodilators}}-{{c1::Venodilators}}-{{c1::Negative…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Orthostatic Hypotension}} is defined as {{c2::SBP decrease of ≥20 mmHg}} OR {{c2::DBP decrease of ≥10 mmHg}} upon assuming an upright postu…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension}} is a subtype of hypotension caused by the dysfunction of the {{c3::autonomic nervous system (central or per…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Parkinson's Dz}}, and {{c1::Lewy Body Dementia}} are common causes of central neurogenic orthostatic syncope, whereas {{c1::diabetes}} and {{c1:…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)}} has mood disturbances that develop {{c2::1 wk::time frame}} before menses, and remit {{c2::w/n 1 w…
Published	04/17/2023	First line therapy for Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is {{c1::2nd gen antidepressants}} w/ an emphasis on safety in pregnancy. Second li…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Cobmination estrogen-progesterone}} agents should be avoided in Pts w/ PMH of {{c2::migraines}} due to increased risk for {{c2::stroke}}.
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::PPV}} is the {{c2::proportion of Pts w/ a positive test result who have the disease}}.
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::NPV}} is the {{c2::proportion of Pts w/ a negative test result who do not have the disease}}.
Published	04/17/2023	A {{c1::multimodality speech pathology intervention}} has been shown to reduce cough frequency, improve severity and improve quality of life in {{c2::…
Published	04/17/2023	Gabapentin can cause {{c1::dizziness/disequilibrium}}, {{c1::somnolence}}, {{c1::wt gain}}, {{c1::peripheral edema}} and {{c1::cognitive difficulties}…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Hydromorphone::This opioid}} is favored in {{c2::ESRD}} because {{c2::it is cleared during HD}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Hydromorphone (dilaudid)}} is a {{c2::μ-opioid receptor agonist}} that is primarily metabolized by the {{c2::liver}} and {{c3::can::can or can't…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Fentanyl::This opioid}} should be considered in {{c2::renal failure/ESRD}} Pts w/ chronic pain that requires basal analgesia.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Combined upper and lower}} motor neuron findings indicate disease {{c2::in the spinal cord::lesion site}}.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Cervical cord compression}} produces {{c2::lower motor weakness in the upper extremities}} at the {{c2::level of compression}}, and {{c2::upper …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Lhermitte sign}} is an {{c2::electric shock}}-like pain radiating from {{c2::the neck}} down {{c2::the spine}} OR {{c2::the arms}} produced…
Published	04/17/2023	Cervical myelopathy should be diagnosed by {{c1::MRI}}, and treatment is {{c1::surgical decompression}}.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Cervical radiculopathy}} is caused by {{c4::cervical spinal nerve root compression}} secondary to {{c2::degenerative spinal changes::genera…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c2::Cervical sprain}} typically presents as pain and stiffness w/ movement and decreased cervical ROM. It does not have {{c1::any abnormal neurologi…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c2::Myofascial neck pain}} may be differentiated from other musculoskeletal causes by localized tenderness and pain w/ {{c1::palpation of “trigger p…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Whiplash}} develops after trauma w/ abrupt {{c2::acceleration/deceleration}}, causing sudden neck flexion and extension. Exam reveals pain and s…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c2::Functional}} incontinence is often related to {{c1::dementia}} and {{c1::mobility disorders}}. {{c3::Behavioral therapy w/ prompted voiding}} is…
Published	04/17/2023	First-line therapy in Pts w/ BPH w/ LUTS is {{c2::α-blockers}} e.g. {{c2::tamsulosin}}, {{c2::terazosin}}, {{c2::doxazosin}}, {{c2::alfuzosin}}, and {…
Published	04/17/2023	Oxybutynin has {{c1::anticholinergic}} effect, and can cause {{c2::confusion}}. As such, it should be avoided in Pts w/ {{c2::cognitive impairment}}.&…
Published	04/17/2023	Tamsulosin and other α-blockers are first-line therapy for BPH. However, they can cause {{c1::weakness}}, {{c1::low blood pressure}}, and {{c1::blurry…
Published	04/17/2023	For acute unilateral lower extremity edema, w/ high pretest probability of {{c2::DVT}}, based on the {{c2::(modified) Wells score}}, {{c1::u…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)}} typically presents {{c2::gradually::acutely or gradually}}, {{c2::bilateral::unilaterally or bilaterally}};…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::A calf muscle pull or tear}} can cause acute unilateral leg pain and swelling, and is often associated w/ {{c2::bruising around the ankle (due t…
Published	04/17/2023	Drivers > {{c1::65 yo}} are assoc w/ more traffic fatilities than any other group of drivers >25 yo.
Published	04/17/2023	Cessation of driving is associated w/ {{c1::social isolation}} and {{c1::depression}}
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Mini-Cog test}} has a Sn of {{c2::76-100%}}, and a Sp of {{c2::54-85%}} for {{c3::dementia}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Visual acuity less than {{c1::20/70}} is not assoc w/ increased motor vehicle collision risk
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Severe alcohol w/d}} is best managed by {{c2::symptom-triggered::scheduled or symptom-triggered}} administration of {{c2::benzodiazepines::class…
Published	04/17/2023	While long-acting benzos (e.g. {{c1::chlordiazepoxide}}) are typically preferred for alcohol w/d, short-acting benzos (e.g. {{c1::lorazepam}}, {{c1::o…
Published	04/17/2023	Alcohol w/d may cause minor sx, such as {{c1::tremulousness}}, {{c1::diaphoresis}}, and {{c1::palpitations}} w/n {{c2::6}} h, as well as {{c1::halluci…
Published	04/17/2023	Predictors of severe alcohol w/d include a {{c1::Hx of DT}} and baseline {{c1::SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg}}.
Published	04/17/2023	CIWA-Ar score intrepretations{{c1::<8}} = mild w/d{{c1::8-15}} = moderate w/d{{c1::>15}} = severe w/d
Published	04/17/2023	When faced w/ a perceived discriminatory request from a patient (e.g. insisting for a white clinician), clinicians should:(1) ensure that the patient …
Published	04/17/2023	Title {{c1::VII}} of the Civil Rights Act of {{c1::1964}} indicates that all health care employees have the right to a workplace that is free from dis…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Ezetimibe}} can be added to statin therapy for primary prevention of ASCVD in Pts w/ ASCVD risk of {{c2::≥ 20}}% OR {{c2::baseline LDL ≥190 whos…
Published	04/17/2023	Gemfibrozil is a {{c1::fibrate}}
Published	04/17/2023	Fenofibrate is a {{c1::fibrate}}
Published	04/17/2023	LDL {{c2::≥ 190}} mg/dL is an indication for {{c1::high-intensity statin therapy}} for primary prevention. LDL should reduce by {{c2::≥50}}% and/or LD…
Published	04/17/2023	LDL 70-189 mg/dL and age {{c1::>75}} is an indication for {{c2::risk/benefits discussion (moderate-intensity statin may be reasonable)}}.
Published	04/17/2023	For Pts w/ LDL {{c1::70-189}} mg/dL, age {{c1::40-75}}, and are NOT diabetic w/ 10-yr ASCVD risk {{c1::≥ 20%}}, primary prevention w/ a {{c2…
Published	04/17/2023	For Pts w/ LDL {{c1::70-189}} mg/dL, age {{c1::40-75}}, are NOT diabetic w/ 10-yr ASCVD risk {{c1::≥7.5% to <20%}}, and if {{c1::risk-enhancin…
Published	04/17/2023	For Diabetic Pts w/ LDL 70-189 mg/dL, age 40-75, and low 10-yr ASCVD risk (<7.5%), but {{c1::additional (diabetic) risk factors ARE prese…
Published	04/17/2023	Risk-enhancing factors for ASCVD should be considered in {{c1::40-75}} yo Pts, w/ {{c1::diabetes}} and 10-yr ASCVD {{c1::≥7.5 - 20}}% and includes:-FH…
Published	04/17/2023	The 10-yr risk for ASCVD can be categorized as:{{c1::Low}}: {{c2::<5}}%{{c1::Borderline}}: {{c2::≥5}}% to {{c2::<7.5}}%{{c1::Intermediate}}: {{c…
Published	04/17/2023	Non-pharmacologic treatments for acute lower back pain w/o and "red flag" sx include {{c2::heat}}, {{c2::exercise}}, {{c2::massage}}, {{c2::acupunctur…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Vasovagal syncope}} is provoked by {{c3::pain, fear, stress, or heat overexposure::4}}, and is often preceded by a {{c3::prodrome of warmth…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Fludrocortisone}} has {{c2::mineralocorticoid}} activity that increases {{c2::blood volume}} by {{c2::sodium}} and {{c2::water}} retention. {{c3…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Midodrine}} is metabolized to become {{c2::a peripherally active α-agonist}} increasing {{c2::sympathetic neural outlfow}}, and decreasing {{c2:…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Informed consent/refusal}} requires that the patient have {{c2::decision-making capacity}} and be free from {{c2::coercion}}.
Published	04/17/2023	Acute patellofemoral pain syndrome is caused by {{c1::weakness in 1 ≥ muscle groups of the lower extremity}}.Acute Tx includes {{c1::modification of a…
Published	04/17/2023	Pressure injuries/ulcers require a multipronged approach w/ -{{c1::Managing underling cause(s)}}-{{c1::Pressure offloading}}-{{c1::Wound protection}}-…
Published	04/17/2023	For pressure injuries, {{c1::hydrocolloid}} and {{c1::foam}} dressings reduce ulcer size {{c2::better::better or worse}} compared to gauze dressings.
Published	04/17/2023	\[Number \ Needed \ to \ Treat \ (NNT)=\]
Published	04/17/2023	\[Number \ Needed \ to \ Harm \ (NNH)= \]
Published	04/17/2023	What is the absolute risk increase (ARI) when a control group's risk is 5%, and the experiemental group's risk is 15%?
Published	04/17/2023	What is the absolute risk reduction (ARR) when a control group's risk is 20%, and the experiemental group's risk is 5%?
Published	04/17/2023	Diagnostic criteria for {{c1::Bipolar type 1 disorder}} includes {{c2::depression}} + {{c2::≥ 1 manic episode}}. It most often presents in Pts during …
Published	04/17/2023	When initially diagnosing depression, {{c1::prior manic or hypomanic ep}} should be screened for, because {{c1::antidepressant monotherapy in Pts w/ b…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)}} is characterized by persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that disrupt funct…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Personality disorders}} involve consistent patterns of interpersonal behavior and perceptions that are inflexible, diverge significantly from th…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Schizophrenia}} is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder w/ {{c2::positive}} symptoms ({{c2::hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought::3}}…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Delirium}} is an acute-onset d/o assoc w/ fluctuation in mental status. It may manifest as {{c2::inattention}}, {{c2::agitation}} or {{c2::hypoa…
Published	04/17/2023	Recent evidence (~2023) from clinical trials show a potential benefit w/ the addition of {{c1::lorazepam::drug}} to {{c2::haloperidol::drug}} for {{c3…
Published	04/17/2023	70 yo F w/ PMH of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer was hospitalized for acute hypoxic respiratory failure 5 days ago. She opted for comfort care,…
Published	04/17/2023	The mainstay of Tx of acute cough due to {{c1::bronchitis}} is {{c2::patient education and reassurance that the cough usually resolves in 2 - 3 wks}}
Published	04/17/2023	Acute cough is defined as {{c1::<3 wks}} duration, and is most often caused by {{c2::viral infections}} e.g. {{c2::coronaviruses}}, {{c2::rhinoviru…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Antitussive agents}} e.g. {{c1::dextromethorphan}} have limited efficacy in treating cough and should be avoided in Pts who take {{c2::SSRI}} (e…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Serotonin syndrome}} presents w/ {{c2::hyperthermic reaction}} and is typically associated w/ {{c2::hyperreflexia}} and {{c2::myoclonus}}.
Published	04/17/2023	CXR isn't indicated for acute cough unless there are abnl VS e.g. HR {{c1::>100}}, RR {{c1::>24}}, Temp {{c1::>100.4}} Fo; abnl {{c1::lung ex…
Published	04/17/2023	Both {{c1::CBT}} and {{c1::2nd-gen antidepressants}} are appropriate first-line therapies for mild to moderate depressive disorders.
Published	04/17/2023	Buproprion should be avoided in Pts w/ Hx of {{c1::SZ}}, or {{c1::disorders that increase seizure risk e.g. anorexia or bulemia}}
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::MRI}} is considered the gold standard/most appropriate next step for Pts w/ suspected spinal {{c2::infx}}, {{c2::cancer}}, {{c2::cord compressio…
Published	04/17/2023	Red-flag Sx for {{c1::cauda equina syndrome}} include {{c2::bowel/bladder/erectile}} dysfuction, persistent/increasing {{c2::LMN weakness}}, decr…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Advance care planning}} allows Pts w/ capacity to {{c2::articulate preferences, goals, and values for future medical care}} and to {{c2::designa…
Published	04/17/2023	In a {{c1::living will}}, Pts can {{c2::outline and document specific preferences for treatment decisions (e.g., dialysis, mechanical ventilation, nut…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)}} is characterized by {{c2::excessive anxiety about activities or events that a Pt finds difficult to control…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::A panic attack}} is characterized by sudden onset and rapid escalation (w/n min) of extreme fear or anxiety, along w/ {{c2::≥ 4}} of the fo…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Social anxiety disorder (SAD)}} used to be known as {{c2::social phobia}}.
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)}} is assoc w/ excessive anxiety or fear of criticism or humiliation in group or performance situations, and Pts av…
Published	04/17/2023	Management of hypertriglyceridemia includes addressing:-{{c1::Lifestyle factors}} ({{c1::obesity}} and {{c1::metabolic syndrome}})-Reducing dietary {{…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Moderate::Mild, moderate, or severe}} hypertriglyceridemia is defined as fasting TG {{c2::150-499}} mg/dL, or non-fasting TG {{c2::175-499}} mg/…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Fibrate}} therapy can be considered when TG {{c2::≥ 500}} mg/dL. They are effective at decreasing TG levels by {{c2::50}}% or more; however, the…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Statin}} therapy is recommended as first-line therapy in Pts w/ {{c2::moderate hypertriglyceridemia}} that has not responded to lifestyle m…
Published	04/17/2023	In Pts w/ moderate hypertriglyceridemia and {{c1::ASCVD}} Tx w/ a {{c2::statin}} and {{c2::icosapent ethyl}} can reduce the composite end point of {{c…
Published	04/17/2023	In Pts {{c1::≥ 50}} yo w/ {{c1::HTG::PMH}}, {{c1::DM::PMH}}, and one additional ASCVD risk factor, Tx w/ a {{c2::statin}} and {{c2::icosapent ethyl}} …
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Naltrexone}}, {{c1::acamprosate}}, {{c1::disulfiram}}, {{c1::topiramate}}, and {{c1::gabapentin}} are suggested by the American Psychiatric Asso…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Naltrexone}} is an {{c2::opioid receptor antagonist}} that is thought to combat alcohol use disorder through {{c2::reduction of neuronal reward …
Published	04/17/2023	The {{c1::Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test}} is a survey-based screening instrument for elder abuse. It is mostly reliant on {{c2::patient …
Published	04/17/2023	A collaborate relationship is important for Pts w/ medically unexplained Sx (MUS), and can be fostered by {{c1::regularly scheduled follow-up visits}}…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c4::Malingering}} occurs when a Pt feigns medical problems for gain, such as {{c3::money}}, {{c3::drugs}}, or {{c3::time off from work}}. DDx should…
Published	04/17/2023	Commonly used meds on the Beers Criteria list include {{c1::first-generation antihistamines (diphenydramine)}}, {{c1::TCA}}, {{c1::antipsychotics}}, a…
Published	04/17/2023	The USPSTF {{c1::recommends against::recommends or does not recommend}} vitamin D supplementation for fall prevention in community-dwelling adults
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (nTOS)}} is caused by {{c2::compression of the brachial plexus nerve roots}} in the {{c2::interscalene trian…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (nTOS)}} typically presents w/ {{c2::nonradicular}} and anatomically {{c2::widespread}} Sx (e.g. {{c2::numbn…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (nTOS)}} is most commonly seen in {{c2::active, young, thin, women}} w/ {{c2::repetitive overhead stress}} t…
Published	04/17/2023	In {{c1::Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (nTOS)}}, {{c2::neck rotation}}, {{c2::head tilting}}, {{c2::arm abduction}}, and {{c2::arm external}} ro…
Published	04/17/2023	First-line therapy for neurological Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (nTOS) includes {{c1::PT}} focused on {{c1::improving posture}} and {{c1::strengthening t…
Published	04/17/2023	{{c1::Arterial TOS (aTOS)}} is caused by {{c2::subclavian artery compression}} (w/wo {{c2::thrombosis}}); it usually occurs in the presence of {{c2::a…
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